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Fall 22: micro > Test 1: Lecture 1 and 2 intro and structure > Flashcards

Test 1: Lecture 1 and 2 intro and structure Flashcards

1
Q

prokaryote vs eukaryote

A

prokaryote→ no nucleus, single cell organism, cell wall

eukaryote → nucleus, can be single or multicellular organisms

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

gram + bacteria are ___

gram - bacteria are ___

A

purple

pink

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4
Q

fastidious bacteria are ___

A

difficult to grow in a lab

we know little about them

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5
Q

a bacteria that is microareophilic likes ___

A

high CO2

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6
Q

a bacteria that has facultative growth means

A

prefers aerobic( O2) or anaerobic (no O2) but will grow in the other if it has to

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7
Q

a bacterial cell has a complex structure with highly
___ traits AND highly ___ trait

A

conserved

plastic

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8
Q

a bacteria is what type of cell?

A

prokaryotic

no nucleus → nucleoid

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9
Q

cell wall of mycobacteria have ___

A

mycolic acid

lipo-arabino-mannan

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10
Q

what kind of bacteria?

A

Gram +

Outer layer: Thick layer of peptidoglycan
• teichoic acid (bound to peptidoglycan)

• lipoteichoic acid (anchored in cytoplasmic membrane)

Inner layer: Cytoplasmic Membrane

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11
Q

gram + or Gram - have a LPS outer layer?

A

gram negative

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12
Q

Gram stain purple ___

A

gram +

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13
Q

gram stain pink

A

gram negative

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14
Q

Gram + Have a thick outer cell wall
made of ___

A

peptidoglycan

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15
Q

gram + peptidoglycan layer is covered in ___

A

lipoteichoic acid and teichoic acid

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16
Q

Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp. would stain ___

A

purple

gram +

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17
Q

E. coli, Salmonella and enterica would stain ___

A

pink

gram negative

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18
Q

gram negative have an outer and inner membrane with a thin ___

A

layer of peptidoglycan

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19
Q

gram - bacteria cell wall is covered by ___ that can be seen by ___

A

(LPS) lipopolysaccharide

TLR4

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20
Q

what does TLR4 see and what kind of bacteria?

A

LPS

gram negative

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21
Q

steps of Gram stain

A
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22
Q

if you stopped a gram stain at the iodine treatment stage what color would gram + and - bacteria be?

A

both purple

have not gone through the decolorization and counter stain phase

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23
Q

___ and ___ are found in the outer layer of a gram + bacteria

A

teichoic acid -(bound to peptidoglycan)

lipoteichoic acid- (anchored in cytoplasmic membrane)

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24
Q

another name for peptidoglycan

A

murein

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25
Q

___ is a polymer made of sugar and amino acid components

A

peptidoglycan (the meat of the sandwich)

26
Q

Alternating subunits of ____ and ___ that form cross links inside peptidoglycan

A

n-acetyglucosamine (NAG)

n-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

they are the carbohydrate part of peptidoglycan

27
Q

Gram ___cells contain up to 10x the amount of peptidoglycan than Gram ___ bacteria.

A

positive

negative

28
Q

peptidoglycan is critical for providing structural strength and
resistance to ___ pressure.

A

cytoplasmic osmotic

29
Q

what TLR see peptidogylcan?

A

TLR2

30
Q

layers of the gram - cell wall

A

Inner most layer: Cytosolic membrane (phospholipids)

Middle: Thin layer of peptidoglycan within the periplasmic space

  • *Outer Layer:** Outer membrane made of phospholipid and
  • *lipopolysaccharide (LPS)**
31
Q
A

gram negative

32
Q

another name for LPS

A

endotoxin

33
Q

LPS is made of what three parts

A

O antigen (variable portion)

Core domain (linking portion)

Lipid A (anchor)

34
Q

LPS Prevents penetration of harmful substances into the bacterial cell such as ___

A

(i.e. bile salts)

35
Q

two bacterial functions of LPS in Gram + are ___

A

Stabilizes outer membrane

Prevents penetration of harmful substances into the bacterial cell (i.e. bile salts)

36
Q

what part of the LPS is seen by the TLR?

A

the core domain (linking portion)

37
Q

what does TLR4 see?

A

LPS on gram negative bacteria

38
Q

3 things LPS cause in the host

A

seen by TLR4 → innate immune reaction

cause fever

competes for ADH receptor → makes the host very thirsty (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus)

39
Q

___ on gram - cell walls cause you to be thirsty, How does this work?

A

LPS

competes with ADH receptor

can’t tell the body you are not thirsty

40
Q

DNA exists in two states in the Bacterial Cell :

A

The Circular Bacterial “Chromosome”

Mobile Genetic Elements

41
Q

DNA exists in two states in the Bacterial Cell :

A

The Circular Bacterial “Chromosome”

Mobile Genetic Elements

42
Q

bacterial chromosomes are ___ shaped

A

circular dsDNA

usually only one that is several million base pairs long

43
Q

what is a bacterial chromosome mainly made of?

A

housekeeping gene

critical for cellular function → metabolism, replication ect.

44
Q

how many chromosomes does a bacteria have

A

usually one circular dsDNA

45
Q

Bacteria divide by ___ and in order to divide the chromosome must undergo ___

A

BINARY FISSION

SEMI-CONSERVATIVE REPLICATION

46
Q

___ unzips the the dsDNA to allow ___ to fill in the second strand in both directions.

A

DNA Helicase

DNA polymerase

47
Q

bacterial chromosomes have what special shape

A

SUPERCOILED circular dsDNA

48
Q

what helps un-supercoil bacteria?

A

DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV

49
Q

what helps super coil bacteria

A

DNA gyrase

50
Q

Two critical enzymes: ____ and ____ , are responsible for the coiling and uncoiling of bacterial DNA.

A
51
Q

what type of drug attack DNA gyrase and topisomerase IV

A

fluoroquinolones such as Baytril(enrofloxaxin)

52
Q

Many genetic determinants of ___ are not original pieces of a bacterial chromosome. They are acquired through ___

A

virulence and antimicrobial resistance

horizontal gene transfer

mobile genetic elements

53
Q

___ is exchange of genetic information between bacterial cells

A

horizontal gene transfer

54
Q

plasmid

A

self-replicating, self transmissible extra chromosomal element that undergoes conjugation to transfer from one bacteria to another

mini chromosome that bacteria pass to eachother during “sex”

55
Q

bacterial ribosomes are made of Made up of 2 subunits (___) which are distinct from the mammalian ribosome.

A

30s and 50s

56
Q

what type of antimicrobials target ribosomes

A

macrolides,

aminoglycosides,

tetracyclines

protein synthesis inhibitors (MCAT)

57
Q

Highly conserved ___ gene is important for genetic identification of certain bacteria by DNA sequencing and population studies

A

16s rRNA

codes for ribsomes

58
Q

Fimbriae vs flagellum

A
59
Q

___ are used for motility

A

flagella

60
Q
A
61
Q

Some bacteria (___) have “periplasmic flagella” or an axial filament, which rotates and drives the entire cell forward.

A

spirochetes

moves like an inch worm

Fall 22: micro (25 decks)

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