Test 1: other gram negatives Flashcards
___ (zoonotic, reportable pathogens spread venearally)
Brucella
____(the agent of tularemia)
Francisella tularensis
rabbits and ticks→ lymphadennopathy, splenomegaly/necrosis
____ (the agent of contagious equine metritis-CEM)
Taylorella equigenitalis
____ (the agent of bovine Pinkeye)
Moraxella bovis
_____ (normal flora of dogs that can cause severe infections in people)
Capnocytophaga canimorsus
____ (the agent of contagious equine metritis-CEM)
Taylorella equigenitalis
Brucella will cause ___ in humans
undulant fever
how to get brucella
highly contagious zoonosis
ingest raw milk/meat
direct contact to secretions → repro (placenta)
have to usually report to authorities
pathogenesis of brucella
lives inside cells → forms brucellasomes
migrate to areas with high erythritol (sugar alcohol) → reproductive organs
also found in supra-mammary lymph nodes (milk), bones and joints
lifelong infection
brucella are attracted to ___ inside the cell
erythritol → sugar alcohol
males with bucellosis
enlarged sex organs → orchitis
sterility
females with brucellosis
abortion
reduced milk yield
infertility
juveniles with brucellosis will →
usually die
aka. poor doers
three types of smooth brucellae
B. suis → feral pigs→ cattle and dogs
brucella abortus → cattle and bison → undulant fever, fistulous withers →(wild bison in yellowstone) →slaughter surveillance and vaccine at 6-12 months (live attenuated
B. melitensis → goats and sheep cheese → foreign animal disease
two type of rough brucellae
B. ovis → sheep rams large sex organs. ewes resistant
B. canis → dogs → abortion → check before breeding → FUO, orchitis, discospondylitis → spay, cull, doxy
how to tell smooth from rough brucellae
smooth have a OPS added to the end of their LPS
B. ovis and B. canis are both ___
rough brucellae
Brucella abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis are all ___
smooth brucellae
Brucella is transmitted to humans by ___
contact with animal or animal products
Brucella abortus
type of smooth brucella
spread by contact with afterbirth or venerally
cause undulant fever in people
cause fistulous withers in horses (Actinomyces bovis also cause this)
what two things cause fistulous withers in horses
Brucella abortus
Actinomyces bovis → gram -, acid fast -
what are the reservoirs of brucella abortus and where are they found?
wild bison and elk in the yellowstone area
wild bison and elk in the yellowstone area are the last remaining reservoir of ___
brucella abortus in the US
Brucella abortus surveillance
national → slaughter and high risk states → card agglutination, ELISA
milk ring test → no longer federally funded → blue ring +
what kind of vaccine for brucella abortus
RB51 → live attenuated
can be spread to humans if needle poked, or shed in the raw milk of vaccinated cows
federal→ 4-12 months heifer calves
RB51
live attenuated strain vaccine for Brucella abortus
can be spread to human by needle poke or shed in raw milk products
____ is the most readily transmitted of the Brucella species to humans
Brucella melitensis
goat and sheep cheese
____ is considered a foreign animal disease brucella
Brucella melitensis
sheep and goat
Brucella melitensis can be found where in the world
not USA
foreign animal disease
southern Europe, middle east, parts of Asia and Latin America
Brucella suis is found where___
wild feral swine
can spread to cattle (usually beef)
feral swine act as the reservoir for ___
Brucella suis
can be spread to cattle
___ is a type of rough Brucella that is not zoonotic
Brucella ovis
Brucella ovis. ___ are affected and ___ are resistant
rams → epidydimitis and infertility
ewes → can cause rare abortions
rams infected with ___ are have epidydimitis and be infertile
Brucella ovis
found in sheep
____ and ___ are brucellae found in sheep
B. melitensis → smooth → goats and sheep→ foreign animal disease
B. ovis → sheep → rough → rams symptomatic, females resistant usually
___ is an important cause of infertility and abortion in dogs
Brucella canis → rough brucella
Brucella canis can cause ___
orchitis
fever of unknown origin in intact animals
discospondylitis
what type of Brucella can be transferred to dogs?
B. suis from feral pigs → smooth brucella
B. canis → found in dogs and a rough brucella
would need to test for both smooth and rough
symptoms of Brucella canis in humans
mild flu like disease
Brucella will be acid fast + or negative
+ → do not have mycolic acids but cell wall very thick and grabs onto stain→ false positive
how to diagnosis brucellosis
serology → testing for antibodies
separate test for rough and smooth brucellae
how to treat brucellae
cull
dogs and humans: doxy and rifampin
castration/ovarectomy
difficult to eliminate fully
what drug to treat brucellea
doxy and rifampin
only really treat humans
positive animals are usually culled
___ is the agent of tulermia
Francisella tularensis
how does Francisella tularensis grow
gram negative
facultative intracellular organism
rabbits are the reservoir for ___
Francisella tularensis
besides rabbits, ___ also carry Francisella tularensis
wild rodants and mustelids, and ticks
human disease of Francisella tularensis
lymphadenopathy
lymphadenopathy in humans can be caused by ___
Francisella tularensis → rabbits, ticks
Plague → Yersina Pestis → fleas
___ is common in the middle of america
Francisella tularensis
carried by rabbits → cause lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly/necrosis, typically fatal
symptoms of Feline Tularemia
lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly/necrosis, typically fatal
caused by hunting rabbits or transferred from ticks
Feline Tularemia
Francisella tularensis → transferred from rabbits or tick to cats
cause enlarged lymph nodes, splenomegaly/necrosis, and usually fatal
compare B. anthracis, Y. pestis and F. tularensis
Bacillus anthracis → catalase +, gram + rod, spores in soil → vegetative growth in host, cutaneous, inhalation and GI anthrax→ polypeptide capsule and exotoxins → protective antigen, edema factor and lethal factor. Anthrax vaccine, penicillin, stains- filaments
Yersinia pestis→ gram -, rodent reservoir, transmitted by fleas→ bubonic, pneumonic and speticemia→ found in the western ⅓ of USA → submandibular lymphadenitis, gram - bipolar staining (safety pin)
Francisella tularensis → rabbit and tick reservoir, gram negative, faculative intracellular organism, cause lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly/necrosis and typially fatal→ found in the center of the US, gram negative cocci
___ causes CEM in horses
contagious equine metritis
Taylorella equigenitalis
___ are the asymptomatic carriers of Taylorella equigenitalis
stallions
CEM → contagious equine metritis
___ is spread venereally from asymptomatic stallion carriers
Taylorella equigenitalis
symptoms of CEM
contagious equine metritis
Taylorella equigenitalis
endometritis, cervicitis and vaginitis → pus filled vagina
how to diagnosis taylorella
very hard to grow in the lab → fastidious
can swab → transport media
PCR
how to treat Taylorella equigenitalis
penicillin
any horse older then 731 days coming into the US is quarantined for ___
Taylorella equigenitalis
___ loves water
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa grows ___ on culture
bright green
___ is a toxin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa that makes a culture bright green
pyocyanin
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
pyocyanin- toxin produced that makes culture bright green
culture will smell sweet, like grapes
Pseudomonas aeruginosa will cause ___ in dogs
otitis externa,
post-grooming furunculosis from Contaminated shampoos,
wounds (burns)
pneumonia.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa will cause ___ in cats, ___ in cows and ___ in horses
chronic URI
environmental mastitis
ulcerative keratitis
what will grow if you dilute disinfectant scrubs?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
what meds to treat Pseudomonas
ceftazidime→ 3rd generation cephalosporin
piperacillin
carbapenems → last resort drug- NO food animals (NO veterinary labelled options)
only oral treatment option for Pseudomonas are ___, but may quickly become resistant during therapy
FQ (fluoroquinolones) → DNA synthesis inhibitors (baytril)
why is pseudomonas intrinsically resistant to so many drugs
low permeability of outer membrane, multi-drug efflux pumps, and production of β-lactamases
Bacteria in ____ are phenotypically resistant to antibiotic treatment, even if bacteria are genotypically susceptible
biofilms
___ causes Bovine pinkeye
Moraxella bovis
___ is a gram negative, plump rod to coccoid shape
Moraxella bovis → cause bovine pink eye
another name for bovine pinkeye
infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK)
caused by Moraxella bovis
Moraxella bovis is found where?
obligate commensal of mucous membranes of cattle
found in the eye and respiratory tract
can have virulent and non-virulent strains
how does bovine pink eye spread
dust gets into eye→ causes corneal abrasions→ moraxella bovis which is found in mucous membranes will invade (oppurtunistic) → flies will pass bacteria from cow to cow
how to treat bovine pink eye
subconjunctival oxytetracycline
topical application of cloxacillin
fly control
IBK(infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis) caused by Moraxella bovis
