Test 2: paramyxoviruses Flashcards
what family of viruses are in the order mononegavirales?
paramyxoviridae
pneumo
rhabdo- rabies
filo- ebola
Borna
paramyxoviridae are —
pleomorphic- spherical or filamentous
enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA
— viruses have herringbone shape
paramyxoviridae
paramyxo- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA
what are the two spikes on the paramyxoviridae cell
fusion (F)
attachment proteins: HN, H or G
—- protein on paramyxoviridae is similar to flu’s HA
Fusion protein F
needs to be cleaved by cellular protease to be active
unlike HA does not need low pH
HN of paramyxoviridea is a attachment protein that —
Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase
can cause RBC to clump near infected cell
help virus form and leave host cell
H attachment protein in paramyxoviridae
can cause RBC to accumulate
antivirals to paramyxoviridae should attack —
both fusion protein
and
attachment protein (HN, H, or G)
paramyxoviridae
Neutralizing antibodies specific for the attachment glycoprotein
—- inhibit adsorption of virus to cellular receptors, but
antibodies specific to —- can also neutralize viral infectivity
(HN, H, or G)
F
where does replication occur in paramyxoviridae
in cytoplasm
a negative sense ssRNA- brings its own viral polymerase
paramyxo- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (newcastle)
paramyxoviridae will attach to cell with
HN, H or G
—- mediates fusion of the paramyxovirus envelope with the cellular plasma membrane at physiologic pH
F protein
transcription of mRNA from paramyxoviridae is by —
sequential
interrupted-synthesis mechanism.
negative sense ssRNA- needs to become + before it can become mRNA
In paramyxovirus-infected cells, the F protein is involved in the induction of cell fusion and the formation of —
syncytia (giant cells)
F protein moves to edge of cell and recruits other cells and fuses with them
paramyxo- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (newcastle)
what type of paramyxoviridae produces both cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusion bodies
morbillivirus
canine distemper, rinderpest
newcastle disease virus is caused by
virulent avian paramyxovirus 1
from G. avulavirus
symptoms of new castle disease
highly contagious
repiratory, digestive and neuro
hemorrhagic lesion, encephalomyelitis, muscle tremor, paralysis of legs and wings, decreased egg production
pigeon- twisting neck syndrome
paramyxo G. Avulavirus
- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (newcastle)
symptoms of new castle disease
highly contagious
repiratory, digestive and neuro
paramyxo- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (newcastle)
viscerotropic velogenic
neurotropic velogenic
mesogenic
cause high mortality rates and New Castle Disease
newcastle disease virus/ virulent avian paramyxovirus 1 is grouped by pathotypes
lentogenic
asymptomatic enteric
naturally avirulent strain of avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 virus
used as vaccines against new castle disease because they induce cross-protective antibodies
newcastle disease virus/ virulent avian paramyxovirus 1 is grouped by pathotypes
— are used as vaccines against new castle disease
avirulent strains - lentogenic, asymptomatic enteric
cause cross-protective antibodies
paramyxo- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (newcastle)
Cleavability of the F protein of NDV correlates directly with —-.
virulence
newcastle disease virus in pigeons cause
twisting neck syndrome
neuro signs and diarrhea
paramyxo- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (newcastle)
newcastle disease virus causes what symptoms
Mortality near 100%; targets viscera and CNS.
*Hemorrhagic lesions.
*Encephalomyelitis.
*Neurotropic strains cause respiratory disease followed quickly by neurologic signs: muscle tremors, paralysis of legs and wings, or drooped wings.
*Marked drop in egg production.
paramyxo
tranmission of newcastle disease virus
airborne route,
ingestion of contaminated feed and water
rare vertical transmission? (mom to baby)
paramyxo- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (newcastle)
newcastle disease virus effects
chickens
turkeys
wild fowl
avian paramyxovirus 2-12
cause mild respiratory disease
not as severe as 1 - newcastle disease virus
can affect different species of birds
hendra virus and nipah virus reservoir are
fruit bats
from group Henipavirus
paramyxo (group Henipavirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (barking pig, equine morbillivirus)
equine morbillivirus is caused by
hendra virus
paramyxo (group Henipavirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (N- barking pig, H-equine morbillivirus)
hendra virus symptoms
humans- 60% fatal
horses- respiratory and neuro issues, leads to severe pneumonia with 75% fatality
previously called equine morbillivirus
paramyxo (group Henipavirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (N- barking pig, H- equine morbillivirus)
transmission of hendra virus
fruit bat reservoir
horse- eating contaminated food
human- exposure to fluid or tissues of infected horse
no human to human transmission
paramyxo (group Henipavirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (N- barking pig, H- equine morbillivirus)
what level bio security for Hendra virus
level 4
high containment facility
paramyxo (group Henipavirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (N- barking pig, H- equine morbillivirus)
barking pig syndrome is caused by —
Nipah virus
paramyxo (group Henipavirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (N- barking pig, H- equine morbillivirus)
symptoms of nipah virus
pigs- respiratory illness, coughing “ barking pig syndrome”, neuro signs- ataxia and seizures- low mortality rate
humans- endothelial cell damage, necrosis and syncytial giant cells- 40% mortality rate
paramyxo (group Henipavirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (N- barking pig, H- equine morbillivirus)
Nipah or Hendra viruses have a higher mortality rate?
hendra
paramyxo (group Henipavirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (N- barking pig, H- equine morbillivirus)
transmission of nipah virus
fruit bat
pigs inhale bat feces
humans contact infected pigs
human-human
paramyxo (group Henipavirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (N- barking pig, H- equine morbillivirus)
hendra or nipah cause greater threat to agriculture?
nipah- lower mortality rate but can be transfered human- human
paramyxo (group Henipavirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (N- barking pig, H- equine morbillivirus)
— was declared eradicated in 2011
rinderpest
bovine plague
genus morbillivirus of family Paramyxoviridae
paramyxo (group morbillivirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (rinderpest, canine distemper)
rinderpest virus replicates in what tissue?
lymphoid
which leads to spread throughout the body→ ulcers and necrosis- mortality 20-90%
paramyxo (group morbillivirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (rinderpest, canine distemper)
pestis des petits ruminants cause —
similar to rinderpest but in goat and sheep instead of cattle
Fever, anorexia, stomatitis,
diarrhea, bronchopneumonia.
Mortality in goats 95%, sheep
slightly less.
paramyxo (group morbillivirus-spread in lymphocytes)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (rinderpest, canine distemper)
Canine distemper virus cause
attacks lymphocytes and monocytes
Fever, leukopenia, depression, nasal
and ocular discharge, cough,
pneumonia; vomiting, diarrhea and
neurological signs (seizures,
paresis).
Gains access to CNS via endothelial
cells to CSF, or via infected lymphocytes.
paramyxo (group morbillivirus-spread in lymphocytes)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (rinderpest, canine distemper)
Canine distemper virus has local replication in —
mononuclear cells(lymphocytes and monocytes) of the upper respiratory tract
then spreads via lymphatics and blood
paramyxo (group morbillivirus-spread in lymphocytes)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (rinderpest, canine distemper)
canine distemper virus is shed in ___
all secretions or excretions
paramyxo (group morbillivirus-spread in lymphocytes)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (rinderpest, canine distemper)
two complications caused by canine distemper virus
Old dog encephalitis which is a
rare chronic progressive panencephalitis in adult dog.
“Hard-pad disease” of the foot
pads and nose
paramyxo (group morbillivirus-spread in lymphocytes)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (rinderpest, canine distemper)
—- is similar to canine distemper in marine mammals
morbillivirus of marine mammals
pneumonia, CNS disease, GI disease
paramyxo (group morbillivirus-spread in lymphocytes)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (rinderpest, canine distemper)
Bovine parainfluenza virus 3
(PI-3) cause
mild symptoms- fever, nasal discharge, dyspnea
predisposes animal to seconday bacterial infection →shipping fever (bovine repiratory disease complex BRD)
paramyxo (group respirovirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (bovine parainfluenza virus 3)
Bovine PI-3 predisposes animals to ___
secondary bacterial infections
“Shipping fever” “Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD)”
paramyxo (group respirovirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (bovine parainfluenza virus 3)
—– is characterized by purulent
nasal discharge, cough, anorexia,
fever, mortality from acute
fibrinous bronchopneumonia.
bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD)
Bovine PI-3 allows bacteria to cause shipping fever
paramyxo (group respirovirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (bovine parainfluenza virus 3)
G. rubulavirus
paramyxo (group rubulavirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (canine PI-5, porcine rubulavirus)
Canine parainfluenza 5 cause
mild respiratory disease in dogs
can combine to cause serious or chronic issues
paramyxo (group rubulavirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (canine PI-5, porcine rubulavirus)
blue eye in pigs is caused by
porcine rubulavirus
cause neuro disease, conjunctivitis and corneal opacity
CAV-1(canine hepatitis) blue eyes in dogs from adenoviridae
paramyxo (group rubulavirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (canine PI-5, porcine rubulavirus)
Bovine RSV cause
effect calves and young cattle
fever, abnormal breathing, nasal discharge and cough
can lead to syncytia, pneumonia and shipping fever
bovine respiratory syncytial virus
paramyxo (group orthopneumovirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (Bovine RSV, canine pneumovirus)
Bovine RSV replicates in what tissue
respiratory epithelium
leads to fever, cough, nasal discharge
can lead the way for shipping fever,syncytia, pneumonia
pneumo (group orthopneumovirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (Bovine RSV, canine pneumovirus)
Canine pneumovirus
cause mild symptoms
but can lead to pneumonia and respiratory disease
pneumo (group orthopneumovirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (Bovine RSV, canine pneumovirus)
G. metapneumovirus are
pnuemo (group metapneumo)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (avian rhinotracheitis)
Turkey rhinotracheitis causes
inflammation of the respiratory tract, sneezing, cough and head shaking, decreased egg production
100% morbidity but low mortality
cytoplasmic inclusions
pneumo (group metapneumo)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (avian rhinotracheitis)
swollen head syndrome
in chickens
mild symptoms- swelling of sinuses, respiratory distress
4% morbidity and 2% mortality
pneumo (group metapneumo)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (avian rhinotracheitis)
avian rhinotracheitis virus is worse in chickens or tukeys?
turkeys rhinotracheitis- 100% morbidity 0.4-50% mortality
swollen head syndrome- chickens- 4% morbidity, 2% mortality
pneumo (group metapneumo)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (avian rhinotracheitis)
What is the tissue tropism (the cells of the host that support the growth of the virus) for
most parainfluenza viruses?
respiratory tissue?
paramyxo (group respirovirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (bovine parainfluenza virus 3)
What is the tissue tropism (the cells of the host that support the growth of the virus) for
most morbilliviruses?
lymphocytes (macrophages)
paramyxo (group morbillivirus-spread in lymphocytes)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (rinderpest, canine distemper)
What are two zoonotic paramyxoviruses that emerged in Australia?
G. henipavirus
hendra virus- horses
nipah virus- barking pig syndrome
paramyxo (group Henipavirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (barking pig, equine morbillivirus)
What are zoonotic paramyxoviruses that emerged in Asia?
Rinderpest- bovine plague in cattle
paramyxo (group morbillivirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (rinderpest, canine distemper)
what is the reservoir of G. Henipavirus
fruit bats
leads to Hendra virus in horses
Nipah virus- Barking pig syndrome
paramyxo (group Henipavirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (barking pig, equine morbillivirus)
What is the clinical manifestation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection?
Sudden onset of high fever,
hyperpnea, abdominal breathing,
lethargy, rhinitis, nasal discharge,
and cough
Syncytia, pneumonia and emphysema are characteristic.
can lead to seconday bacterial infection - shipping fever
paramyxo (group orthopneumovirus)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (Bovine RSV, canine pneumovirus)
What is turkey rhinotracheitis?
Inflammation of the respiratory tract, coughing, head shaking, decreased egg production
Morbidity is often 100%; mortality ranges from 0.4% to 50% and is highest in young poults.
Cytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions in epithelial cells in airway and nasal cavities
paramyxo (group metapneumo)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (avian rhinotracheitis)
What tissue is targeted by the turkey rhibotracheitis virus?
Cytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions in epithelial cells in airway and nasal cavities
paramyxo (group metapneumo)- pleomorphic enveloped, negative sense non segmented ssRNA (avian rhinotracheitis)
vaccine for newcastle disease
live and killed vaccines
birds usually culled
Parayxo (G. Avula)
Bovine PI-3 vaccine
inactivated and live attenuated virus
nasal discharge, cough, pneumonia
What strains/subtype of equine influenza is currently circulating in the USA?
H3N8
also effects dogs
orthomyxo- segmented, negative sence, ssRNA enveloped
Describe the structure of paramyxovirus and pneumoviruses
members of the mononegavirales
ss non segmented, enveloped, RNA
negative sense
Paramyxo- pleomoprhic, herringbone shape
attachment protein(spikes/glycroproteins): HN. H, G.
fusion protein F.
brings its own polymerase
forms inclusion bodies in macrophages
F protein binds with other noninfected cells to form syncytia
How are attachment to and entry of paramyxoviruses in target cells accomplished?
HN, H, G attachment proteins bind to host cell
F(fusion protein) is cleaved by host protease and fuses with host cell membrane- releases ssRNA into the cell
Which
protein is important in mediating attachment of paramyxoviridae?
HN, H, G
envelope spike/glycoproteins
Which protein is important in mediating
entry of paramyxo?
F
must be cleaved to bind to membrane
similar to HA in orthomyxo (flu)
What are syncytia?
giant cell caused by F protein binding to non infected cell
What is the clinical manifestation of New Castle disease
(virulent avian paramyxovirus
100% death
respiratory, digestive and CNS
hemorrhagic lesions, encephalomyelitis, muscle tremors, paralysis, dropped wings, decreased egg production,-pigeons- twisting neck syndrome)
spread by inhalation and ingestion
shed up to 4 weeks in animals that survive
G. Avulavirus- Paramyxoviridae- mononegavirales
What is the tissue tropism (the cells of the host that support the growth of the virus) for
most parainfluenza viruses?
respiratory
What is the tissue tropism (the cells of the host that support the growth of the virus) for
most morbilliviruses?
lymphoid tissue
What are two zoonotic paramyxoviruses that emerged in Australia and Indonesia?
henipavirus
hendra- horses
nipah- pigs- barking pig syndrome
fruit bat reservoir
What is the clinical manifestation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection?
Bovine RSV
fever, cough, nasal discharge, abdornmal breathing, lethargy
can form syncytia, pneumonia and emphysema
G. othopneumovirus, Paramyxoviridae
What is turkey rhinotracheitis?
Avian rhinotracheitiis
avian metapneumovirus
G. metapneumo, Pneumoviridae
What tissue is targeted by the virus of turkey rhinotracheitis?
respiratory tissue
avian metapneumovius
Pneumoviridae
