Test 2: microbiome

Question 1

great plate count anomaly

Answer 1

what you can culture is different from what you can count under microscope

Question 2

important features of 16s rRNA

Answer 2

functionally constant
ubiquitous across all prokaryotic life
abundant in the cell
different parts change at different rates
secondary structure

Question 3

how does 16S marker gene profiling work

Answer 3

culture independent
PCR that has primer to peak and valley (amblicon)

peaks are conserved
valleys (variable regions)

Question 4

shotgun metagenomics

Answer 4

break bacterial genomes and sequence what is left

who and what they might be doing- what genes are there

Question 5

16S vs metagenomics

Answer 5

Question 6

16s only requires a small amount of bacteria because

Answer 6

undergoes PCR- replication

Question 7

An OTU is the unit of measurement for microbiome diversity, that —

Answer 7

groups related (97% identical) sequences together as a single taxonomic unit

operational taxonomic unit

used for 16S to try to organize sequences

Question 8

high alpha diversity

Answer 8

count of different taxa in a sample

Question 9

beta diversity

Answer 9

compare two different areas and what grows there

Question 10

low beta diversity

Answer 10

two samples have a lot in common

Question 11

high beta diversity

Answer 11

two samples have nothing in common

Question 12

low alpha diversity

Answer 12

there are few different type of things in a specific site

Question 13

pathobiont

Answer 13

pathogen that is always there but can become oppurtunist

Question 14

canine chronic enteropathy cause

Answer 14

chronic persistent or recurrent GI- vomiting and diarrhea and weight loss

diagnosed by exclusion- rule our everything else it has to be this

Question 15

5 ways to diagnosis canine chronic enteropathy

Answer 15

1. chronic symptoms
2. histopath shows mucosal inflammation
3. exclusion of other diseases
4. does not respond to antibiotics or dietary therapies
5. response to anti-inflammatory or immunocuppressive agents

Question 16

boxer dog colitis used to be called

Answer 16

small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

Question 17

antibiotics and diet change helped CCE dogs more then diet alone

Answer 17

no
helped at first, but antibiotics caused resurg in “bad” pathogens

Question 18

what are secondary bile acids

Answer 18

bile acids are made by the liver and stores in gallbladder. when you eat fatty meal released, most resorbed

some make it to large intestine and microbiome will help convert primary to secondary bile acids (DCA, LCA)

Question 19

bai operon cause

Answer 19

primary to secondary bile acids
LCA, DCA

Question 20

transfaunation

Answer 20

take rumen and give to other animal to stimulate growth

Question 21

—- is negatively associated with C. diff

Answer 21

C. scindens → bile acid producing clostridia that limits the expansion of pathogenic C. diff

Question 22

what bacteria in fortiflora

Answer 22

enterococcus faecium

Question 23

— can be used to treat mastitis

Answer 23

lactococcus lactis
(lactic acid bacterium will inhibit gram + mastitis pathogens)

Question 24

probiotics for bovine mastitis are cultured, freeze dried that then rehydrated in

Answer 24

polysorbate/liquid paraffin