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Fall 22: micro > Test 1: bacillus > Flashcards

Test 1: bacillus Flashcards

1
Q

___ are gram positive rods families that form spores

A

bacillus
clostridium

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2
Q

___ are gram positive rods that do not form spores and are regular shaped and staining

A

listeria

erysipelothrix

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3
Q

what are two species of bacillus

A

Bacillus cereus

bacillus anthracis

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4
Q
A

Bacillus anthracis

(gram + rod, forms spores, catalase +)

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5
Q

bacillus are gram ___ ___ shaped bacteria.

A

positive rod shaped

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6
Q

bacillus are obligate ___ or facultative ___

A

aerobes

anaerobes

(gram + rods, catalase +)

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7
Q

bacillus are catalase positive or negative

A

positive

(gram + rods, form spores)

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8
Q

when do bacillus anthracis form spores

A

all conditions except in the living body → where it grows and multiplies

37 degrees Celcius

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9
Q

what two virulence factors keep anthrax alive inside the body

A

polypeptide capsule

exotoxins

(bacillus anthracis, gram + rods that form spores)

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10
Q

3 types of anthrax

A

cutaneous – spores enter through skin, black sore-eschar; least dangerous

pulmonary –inhalation of spores

gastrointestinal – ingested spores

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11
Q

what type of anthrax has the highest survival rate?

A

cutaneous anthrax

(bacillus anthracis, gram + rods that form spores)

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12
Q

the capsule around anthrax allows for ___

A

antiphagocytic → prevents host cell from eating it

(bacillus anthracis, gram + rods that form spores)

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13
Q

explain how inhaled anthrax kills

A

In haled anthrax is particularly deadly. Although the spores are dormant when breathed in, they germinate when exposed to a warm, moist environment, such as the lungs. Not all particles are small enough to pass into the alveoli, or air sacs, but those that do begin to multiply and may spread to the lymphatic system. When the spores germinate in the lymph nodes, several toxins are released.

(bacillus anthracis, gram + rods that form spores)

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14
Q

___ are the primary hosts for anthrax

___ are the accidental hosts

A

herbivores (cows)

humans ( caused by eating or touching infected host)

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15
Q

why does anthrax survive well in tropical climates

A

goes through phases of sporulation and vegetative growth with the dry and wet seasons

alkaline soils, with high nitrogen levels (decaying vegetation)

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16
Q

symptoms of anthrax in ruminants

A

Typical presentation is septicemia

Symptoms:

  • Sudden onset
  • High fever, bleeding from body openings
  • Edema
  • Peracute death in 1-2h, acute in <24 h

(bacillus anthracis, gram + rods, that form spores)

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17
Q

symptoms of anthrax in horses

A

colic, edematous swellings of the throat, neck, shoulders

(bacillus anthracis, gram + rods, that form spores)

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18
Q

anthrax life cycle

A
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19
Q

prevention of anthrax

A

vaccinations

cull sick animals

proper PPE

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20
Q

how to diagnose inhalation anthrax

A

Xay

gram stain blood and culture → gram + rods

ELISA and immunohistology testin

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21
Q

what drugs treat anthrax

A

penicillin (beta lactam → attack cell wall)

tetracycline/chloramphenicol → (MCAT: inhibit protein synthesis → broad spectrum against weird bugs)

erythromycine/clindamicine → (MCAT: Lincosamide: inhibit protein synthesis- anaerobic growth)

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22
Q

anthrax capsule is made of ___

A

S-layer increases resistance to complement attack

capsule made of D-glutatmate that is antiphagocytic

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23
Q

anthrax capsule made of ___ that is antiphagocytic

A

D-glutatmate

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24
Q

what are the three components of anthrax toxin

A

protective antigen

edema factor

lethal factor

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25
Q

Expression of anthrax’s virulent factors is regulated by host ___

A

temperature and carbon dioxide concentration

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26
Q

how does anthrax kill

A

anthrax spore will invade macrophage cell (capsule protects it from being eaten)

it will grow and release toxins into the host

Protective antigen will bind to a cell and act as docking station for edema factor and lethal factor

edema factor will inhibit immune response and decrease activity of macrophages

lethal factor: is an enzyme that inhibits macrophage signaling and causes rapid pro inflammatory cell death

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27
Q

Protective antigen

A

will bind to a cell and act as docking station for edema factor and lethal factor

toxin made by anthrax

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28
Q

edema factor

A

will inhibit immune response and decrease activity of macrophages

toxin made by anthrax

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29
Q

lethal factor:

A

is an enzyme that inhibits macrophage signaling and causes rapid pro inflammatory cell death

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30
Q

what drug is used to treat inhalation anthrax

A

ciprifloxacin

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31
Q

what gene encodes for protective antigen in anthrax?

A

pOX1 (plasmid) → also encodes for edema factor and lethal factor

Bacillus anthracis (gram + rod, forms spores)

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32
Q

what does pOX1 code for

A

encode Protective Antigen (PA), Edema Factor, Lethal Factor

Bacillus anthracis (gram + rods, form spores)

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33
Q

what does pOX2 plasmid encode for?

A

encodes capsule – D-glutamate residues, antiphagocytic capsule

Bacillus anthracis (gram + rods, produce spores)

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34
Q
A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie

can be small gram + rods or filamentous if smooth colonies are stained

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35
Q
A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie

can be small gram + rods or filamentous if rough colonies are stained

36
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie has ___ hemolysis

A

alpha → greenish/ incomplete

coagulase +

gram + rod/filamentous

non spore forming

37
Q

____ is a gram + rod that is pathogenic in swine and poultry

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie

non spore forming

38
Q

how do animals shed Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie

A

urine, feces, saliva ect

can survive in alkaline soil (exogenous source of infection)

can also be found on scales of fresh and salt water fish

(gram + rod, non spore forming)

39
Q

3 forms of swine erysipelas

A

Acute septicemic.

subacute septicemic

chronic form

40
Q

acute septicemic

A

swine erysipelas → caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie (gram + rod, no spores)

  • Sudden occurrence of high fever associated with endotoxin and peptidoglycan.
  • Clinical signs include inappetence, depression, conjunctivitis, vomiting, that will lead to coma and death.
  • Hemorrhagic (ulcers) mucosa of stomach and small intestine are observed.
41
Q

subacute septicemic

A

swine erysipelas → caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie (gram + rod, no spores)

Many develop pathognomonic urticarial lesions
(Rhomboidal or diamond skin disease). -

Necrosis of defined areas of the skin which will peel off to leave an ulcer

42
Q
A

subacute septicemic swine erysipelas

→ caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie (gram + rod, no spores)

diamond skin disease

43
Q

Chronic form of swine erysipelas

A

vegetative endocarditis

with or without non suppurative erosive arthritis

swine erysipelas → caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie (gram + rod, no spores)

44
Q

what happens to birds with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie

A

turkeys are most susceptible to infection leading to sudden death with high mortality. Pathology characterized by diarrhea, massive petechial hemorrhages, gut filled with blood.

gram + rod, no spores

45
Q

what age pigs are susceptible to erysipelas

A

3-18 months old

46
Q

what happens to calves and lambs with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie

A

Cause polyarthritis in 2 to 3 month old. Wound infection is the mode of transmission.

(gram + rod with no spores)

47
Q

what antibiotic for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie

A

penicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin

48
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie is resistant to ___

A

kanamycin & sulfadimethoxazine.

(gram + rod, no spores)

49
Q

antiserum for E. rhusiopathiae is effective ___

A

both prophylactically and therapeutically

50
Q

EVA

A

Erysipelas vaccine avirulent (EVA) or glyco-lipoprotein- containing vaccines are effective.

vaccine for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie

(gram + rod, no spores)

51
Q

___ is the major cause of food borne disease

A

listeria

(gram + rod, no spores)

52
Q

listeria causes ___

A

non-enteric damage (meningitis, septicemia and abortion)

fatal 20-30%

(gram + short rod, no spores)

53
Q

Of the seven listeria species, only ___ affects humans

A

L. monocytogenes

54
Q

___ is common in soil, decaying vegetation, fecal flora
of many mammals (including 15% of healthy
adults)

A

listeria

55
Q

___ is found in raw vegetables, raw milk, fish, poultry, meats, esp. deli meats (15-70%)

A

listeria

56
Q

___ : grows at low temperature

A

psychrotropic

listeria can grow at 4 degree Celsius (in the fridge)

57
Q

listeria prefer to grow in what conditions

A

aerobic/ faculative anaerobic

37 (0-42)

resistant to low pH, high sodium (in stomach)

58
Q

what do listeria look like

A

gram + short rods

non- sporulating

no capsule

59
Q

how do listeria get into cell

A

have surface protein internalin that binds to E-cadherin receptors on epithelial cells

will cause zipper phagocytosis into the cell

60
Q

listeria have surface protein ___ that binds to___ receptors on epithelial cells

A

internalin

E-cadherin

61
Q

how do listeria spread from cell to cell

A

Listeria’s surface protein “internalin” interacts with E- cadherin, a receptor on epithelial cells → zipper phagocytosis

listeriolysin O will break down endosome around listeria

virulence factor Act A will take over actin production

will use actin to propel/ break into neighboring cells

62
Q

___ lyses the phagolysosomal membrane around listeria inside a cell

A

Listeriolysin O

63
Q

In cytoplasm, listeria bacteria divides approx. __

A

every hour

64
Q

Listeria uses virulence factor ___ to induce host cell actin
polymerization

A

Act A

65
Q

___ propel the listeria bacteria to the host cell membrane.

A

Actin filaments

66
Q

Listeria bacteria push against cell membrane to form ___

A

“filopods”.

67
Q

Listeria has moved from cell to cell without being exposed to ___

A

antibodies, complement, or neutrophils.

68
Q

if there is a double membrane vacuole around listeria that means ___

A

second cell

69
Q

lifecycle of listeria

A

gram + short rod, no capsule, no spore

70
Q

___ can invades GI tract without erosive lesions

A

listeria

71
Q

__ can invade the cerebral cortex and placenta

A

listeria (gram + short rod, no spores, no capsule)

travels inside cells, avoids detection

72
Q

symptoms of listeria in human adults

A

Asymptomatic
– Mild influenza-like illness
– Gastrointestinal symptoms
– Meningitis in immunocompromised patients/pregnant women

– Bacteremia-fever/chills can be deadly in immunocompromised patients and neonates

– Preterm birth/abortion – bacteria cross placental barrier and infect fetus – placental inflammation

73
Q

symptoms of listeria in animals

A

Sheep, goats, and cattle most severely affected

  • Encephalitis, meningoencephalitis
  • Abortion, fetal damage, or stillbirths

listeric mastitis

74
Q

Approximately 4% of raw milk samples contain___

A

L. monocytogenes (gram + short rods, no capsule, no spores)

cause listeric mastitis

75
Q

Neuromeningeal listeriosis in sheep

A

A - the syndrome is characterized by involuntary torticollis and walking aimlessly in circles as a result of brainstem lesions.

B -In a further step of the infectious process, animals lie on the ground with evident signs of uncoordination (paddling movements) and cranial nerve paralysis (strabismus, salivation, etc.).

76
Q

___ and ___ can be used if other bacteria outgrow Listeria

A

Selective media and cold enrichment

listeria can grow at low temps, other bacteria usually can not

77
Q

___ are selective agents for growth of listeria in a lab

A

lithium chloride
moxalactam

78
Q

what kind of hemolysis does listeria cause

A

beta hemolysis

(clear)

79
Q

___ is used to treat listeria

A

penicillin, ampicillin (beta lactam → attack cell wall)

can be used in combo with gentamycin

80
Q

___– gram-positive (small slender rods on staining).

A

Erysipelothrix

81
Q

subacute/septicemic form is associated with pathognomonic urticarial lesions (Rhomboidal or diamond skin disease). Necrosis of defined areas of the skin which will peel off to leave an ulcer.

A

Erysipelothrix – gram-positive (small slender rods on staining).

82
Q

short gram-positive rods (appear similar to cocci)

A

listeria

83
Q

___ is a faculative intracellular pathogen – replicates within the host cell cytosol.

A

listeria

84
Q

listeria use array of virulence factors to invade, escape from vacuole, and uses ____ to move within cytosol and spread from cell-to-cell

A

*actin-based motility*

85
Q

what temp can listeria grow

A

0-42

(can grow in the fridge)

86
Q

what kind of foods grow listeria

A

raw vegetables, raw milk (4% of all raw milk supplies contain Listeria), fish, poultry, meats, esp. deli meats (15-70%).

Fall 22: micro (25 decks)

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