Test 1: other gram neg Flashcards
____ cause hyperplasia of immature enterocytes
Lawsonia intercellularis
(gram negative, obligate intracellular rod)
Lawsonia intracellularis
cause hyperplasia of immature enterocytes→ spread by fecal oral route
(Gram negative, obligate intracellular rod)
how to diagnosis Lawsonia intracellularis
necropsy findings
histopath
PCT
Lawsonia intercellularis cause ___ in a variety of animals
proliferative enteropathy
another name for L. intercellularis in pigs
garden hose gut
causes iletis/ proliferative enteropathy
wet tail is caused by ___
Lawsonia intracellularis (Gram negative, obligate intracellular rod)
causes proliferative enteropathy (diarrhea)
in hamsters
garden hose gut is caused by
Lawsonia intracellularis (Gram negative, obligate intracellular rod)
causes porcine proliferative enteropathy / ileitis (diarrhea)
in pigs
what two bacteria cause Ileitis in young foals
Lawsonia intracellularis (equine proliferative enteropathy) → gram - rod
Rhodocococcus Equi → gram + rod, acid fast +
___ that is used to treat Lawsonia intracellularis is prohibited from use in food animals
chloramphenicol → causes aplastic anemia in humans
treatment for Lawsonia intracellularis
(wet tail, garden hose gut → proliferative enteropathy)
tetracycline, macrolides and chloramphenicol
chloramphenicol → NO food animals → cause aplastic anemia in humans
how to submit anaerobic culture to a lab
as quickly as possible
in a sterile vacutainer
tissue sample is better then a swab
use anaerobic transport containers
DO NOT refrigerate
True or False: you should freeze or refrigerate anaerobic samples
false
O2 penetrates cold tissue better
anaerobic culture
gram negative
filamentous tapered rod
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Bacteroides fargilis
Dischelobacter nodosus
what are three gram negative anaerobes
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Bacteroides fargilis
Dischelobacter nodosus
infection by an anaerobe requires ___
trauma of deep tissues that leads to ischemia and a decrease in O2
fecal contamination or a bite
___ lead to abscesses, gingivitis, peritonitis and tissue necrosis
anaerobes
Fusobacterium necrophorum play a key roll in ___
rumen function (lactic acid metabolization)
___ causes “necrobacillosis”
fusobacterium necrophorum
(gram - anaerobe)
important in rumen function
leads to ulcerative diseases
what type of ulcerative diseases does Fusobacterium necrophorum cause?
calf diphtheria→ break down larynx
stomatitis → cattle and pigs mouth swelling
rumenitis → acidosis → leads to liver abscesses and joint infection by T. pyogenes
foot rot in cattle
foot Thrush in horses
(F. necrophorum, bacteroides fragilis, dichelobacter nodosus) is a gram - anaerobe)
___ is the ulcerative breakdown of the cows larynx and is caused by ___
calf diphtheria
Fusobacterium necrophorum
(F. necrophorum, bacteroides fragilis, dichelobacter nodosus) is a gram - anaerobe)
how does Fuscobacterium necrophorum caused liver abscesses
will cause rumen acidosis which leads to increase in bacteria and ruminal abscesses → bacteria will emboli and travel to the liver where the cause more abscesses
(T. pyogenes also cause Liver abscesses)
(F. necrophorum, bacteroides fragilis, dichelobacter nodosus) is a gram - anaerobe)
what anaerobic gram - produces beta lactamase?
Bacteroides fragilis
(Fusobacterium necrophorum, bacteroides fragilis, dichelobacter nodosus) is a gram - anaerobe)
bacteroides fragilis is a gram ___ ____
negative anaerobe
opportunistic→ normal flora or mammalian colon
produces beta lactamase → resistant to penicillin!
(Fusobacterium necrophorum, bacteroides fragilis, dichelobacter nodosus) is a gram - anaerobe)
Bacteroides fragilis produces ___
beta lactamase → resistant to penicillin
Dichelobacter nodosus is found ___
short life in soil
obligate parasite of ruminant hooves
cause root rot
(Fusobacterium necrophorum, bacteroides fragilis, dichelobacter nodosus) is a gram - anaerobe)
___ cause foot rot in sheep
Dichelobacter nodosus
obligate parasite of ruminant hooves that produces keratinase
(Fusobacterium necrophorum, bacteroides fragilis, dichelobacter nodosus) is a gram - anaerobe)
Dischelobacter nodosus produce ___
keratinase → helps bacteria breakdown ruminant hooves
cause foot rot in sheep
(Fusobacterium necrophorum, bacteroides fragilis, dichelobacter nodosus is a gram - anaerobe)
how to treat foot rot
caused by Dichelobacter nodosus
foot baths and routine trimming
(Fusobacterium necrophorum, bacteroides fragilis, dichelobacter nodosus is a gram - anaerobe)
what are 2 gram + anaeorobes
Clostridium (histotoxic, neurotoxic, enterotoxigenic)
actinomyces (A. bovis → lumpy jaw and fistulous withers)
when does clostridium sporulate vs germinate?
Bacteria undergo sporulation in aerobic environments
and germinate in anaerobic.
Clostridium (gram +, spore forming, anaerobe)
(actinomyces is also a gram +, anaerobe, acid fast negative)
is clostridium easy to eliminate
No. spores had to clean
require autoclaving and disinfectants with extended wet contact time
how to treat clostridium
gram positive, spore forming, anaerobe
two part treatment → treat the toxin (anti-toxin) and treat the pathogen with penicillin
Histotoxic Clostridium
C. chauvoei ____
C. haemolyticum ____
C. Enterotoxigenic novyi type B ____
C. novyi type A ____
C. septicum ___
C. perfringens type A ____
C. chauvoei (blackleg)
C. haemolyticum (bacillary haemoglobinuria
C. Enterotoxigenic novyi type B (Black Disease)
C. novyi type A (Big head)
C. septicum (malignant edema and braxy)
C. perfringens type A (Gas Gangrene)
2 types of neurotoxic clostridium
C. botulism
C. tetani
2 type of enterotoxic Clostridium
C. perfringens Type A-E
Clostridiodes difficile
MOA of C. tetani
gram + anaerobe
found in soil and mammal intestines
wound such as castration or puncture causes anaerobic environment and C. tetani starts to grow and produce Tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin)
blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitter (GABA) of motor neurons
GABA tells muscles to relax → No gaba= spastic paralysis
how does C. tetani get into the body?
gram + anaerobe
found in soil and mammal intestines
wound such as castration or puncture causes anaerobic environment and C. tetani starts to grow and produce Tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin)
leads to spastic paralysis by blocking the release of GABA (tells muscles to relax)
tetanus toxin blocks the release of ___
inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA of motor neurons
GABA tells muscles to relax
no GABA = no relax = SPASTIC paralysis
___ causes spastic paralysis
C. tetani
(neurotoxic)
blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA of motor neurons
another name for tetanus toxin
tetanospasmin
what are some symptoms of C. tetani in cows?
spastic paralysis
sawhorse stance
opisthotonus (head seize back)
(C. tetani is a neurologic toxin→ gram + anaerobe)
what are symptoms of tetanus in dogs
protrusion of nictitating membrane
sardonic smile
how do people get botulism
C. botulinum bacteria spores invade damaged cans
while inside the anaerobic environment the bacteria germinate (grow and form toxins)
humans eat the canned food and the preformed toxins
shaker foal syndrome
caused by C. botulinum infection in infants → bacteria enters through unhealed umbilicus
MOA of C. botulinum
blocks release of acetylcholine (inhibition at cholinergic peripheral synapses)
can’t trigger action → muscles can’t contract → flaccid paralysis
___ leads to flaccid paralysis
C. botulinum
prevents release of Acetylcholine
muscle can’t contract (inhibition of cholinergic peripheral synapses)
___ leads to flaccid paralysis
C. botulinum
prevents release of Acetylcholine
muscle can’t contract (inhibition of cholinergic peripheral synapses)
how do people with C. botulinum die
flaccid paralysis
respiratory failure → diaphragm can’t contract = can’t breathe
symptoms of botulinum in horses
wobbly, food drop, tongue out
avian botulism life cycle
bird die → botulism grows in anaerobic environment of the carcass
flies come and maggots become infected with botulism toxin
birds eat these infected maggots and die and it all starts again
can lead to mass die off
___ causes black leg
C. chauvoei
(type of histotoxic)
how does black leg occur
C. chauvoei spores are ingested and settles into muscles
trauma to that muscle leads to anaerobic environment and germination of the spores → release exotoxin that causes rapid necrosis of the muscle
C. chauvoei cause ___
black leg in ruminants
spores are eaten, settle in muscle, muscle damaged, spores grow and produce toxin that causes rapid necrosis
___ cause red water
C. haemolyticum
histotoxic
spores are eaten and make it to the liver → migrating liver fluke cause anaerobic environment → toxin produced cause production of phospholipase C → intravascular hemolysis→ bacillary hemoglobinuria (red bloody urine)
bacillary hemoglobinuria is caused by ___
C. haemolyticum
histotoxic
spores are eaten and make it to the liver → toxin produced cause production of phospholipase C → intravascular hemolysis→ hemoglobinuria (red bloody urine)
___ causes black disease
C. novyi type B
similar to C. haemolyticum that causes bloody urine
only acts on liver
this will causes necrotizing hepatitis → sudden death
C. novyi type B
histotoxic gram + anaerobe
causes Black disease
necrotizing hepatitis and sudden death
C. novyi type A cause ___
gas gangrene→ Big head in sheep
effects soft tissue, enters through wounds
(gram + anaerobic histotoxic bacteria)
Big head is caused by ___
C. novyi type A
enters through wounds and is histotoxic to soft tissue → breakdown of tissues cause “gas gangrene”
(gram + anaerobic)
C. septicum causes ___
malignant edema and gas gangrene
enters through wounds and causes cellulitis with localized large swelling of muscle tissue
more treatable then C. chauvoei
similar to C. chauvoei (black leg→ spores eaten, live in muscle and produce exotoxin that causes rapid necrosis)
(soft tissue histotoxic gram + anaerobe)
malignant edema and gas gangrene is caused by ___
C. septicum
enters through wounds and exotoxins causes cellulitis with localized large swelling of muscle tissue
similar to C. chauvoei (black leg→ spores eaten, live in muscle and produce exotoxin that causes rapid necrosis)
(soft tissue histotoxic gram + anaerobe)
___ is caused when spores are ingested and move to muscle. Muscle damaged and spores germinate and produce toxin that causes necrosis
C. chauvoei
____ can be histotoxic and enterotoxic
C. perfringens Type A → cause gas gangrene and enteritis
___ cause cause gas gangrene and enteritis
C. perfringens Type A
overeating disease is caused by
C. perfringens type D
also called pulpy kidney disease
caused by over consumption of milk or feed with high carb load
spores grow in gut and produce epsilon toxin that cause pore formation in target cells → accumulates in the kidney
what toxin does C. perfringens type D produce
epsilon toxin → cause pore formation → accumulates in the kidney
causes overeating disease in sheep and goats / pulpy kidney disease
Pseudomembranous colitis
caused by Clostridiodes difficile
in horses, shedding of mucosal membrane of the GI tract → feces will have membrane around them
caused by previous antibiotic use that wipes out normal flora and C. diff goes crazy
Clostridiodes difficile cause ___
Pseudomembranous colitis in horses
feces with membrane from shedding mucosal membrane
____ is an atypical clostridia that stains gram negative
C. piliforme
__ causes Tyzzer’s disease
C. piliform
weird clostridia that stains gram negative
causes acute liver failure or death
associated with too much nitrogen in the diet
Tyzzer’s disease happens in ___ when ___
foals and lab animals
too much nitrogen in the diets
leads to acute liver failure and death
C. piliforme
___ are anaerobic gram + branching filamentous rods
actinomyces
___ are gram negative anaerobic filamentous tapered rods
Fusobacterium necrophorum
(Fusobacterium necrophorum, bacteroides fragilis and dichelobacter nodosus are all gram - anaerobes)
Fusobacterium necrophorum
gram - anaerobic rod
2 neurotoxin anaerobes
___- MOA of toxin and resulting clinical disease
____ MOA of toxin and resulting clinical disease, carcass-magot life cycle
C. tentani → block release of GABA → can’t relax → spastic paralysis
C. botulism (avian botulism)→ blocks AcH release flaccid paralysis
