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Fall 22: micro > Test 1: other gram neg > Flashcards

Test 1: other gram neg Flashcards

1
Q

____ cause hyperplasia of immature enterocytes

A

Lawsonia intercellularis

(gram negative, obligate intracellular rod)

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2
Q
A

Lawsonia intracellularis

cause hyperplasia of immature enterocytes→ spread by fecal oral route

(Gram negative, obligate intracellular rod)

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3
Q

how to diagnosis Lawsonia intracellularis

A

necropsy findings

histopath

PCT

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4
Q

Lawsonia intercellularis cause ___ in a variety of animals

A

proliferative enteropathy

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5
Q

another name for L. intercellularis in pigs

A

garden hose gut

causes iletis/ proliferative enteropathy

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6
Q

wet tail is caused by ___

A

Lawsonia intracellularis (Gram negative, obligate intracellular rod)

causes proliferative enteropathy (diarrhea)

in hamsters

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7
Q

garden hose gut is caused by

A

Lawsonia intracellularis (Gram negative, obligate intracellular rod)

causes porcine proliferative enteropathy / ileitis (diarrhea)

in pigs

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8
Q

what two bacteria cause Ileitis in young foals

A

Lawsonia intracellularis (equine proliferative enteropathy) → gram - rod

Rhodocococcus Equi → gram + rod, acid fast +

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9
Q

___ that is used to treat Lawsonia intracellularis is prohibited from use in food animals

A

chloramphenicol → causes aplastic anemia in humans

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10
Q

treatment for Lawsonia intracellularis

A

(wet tail, garden hose gut → proliferative enteropathy)

tetracycline, macrolides and chloramphenicol

chloramphenicol → NO food animals → cause aplastic anemia in humans

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11
Q

how to submit anaerobic culture to a lab

A

as quickly as possible

in a sterile vacutainer

tissue sample is better then a swab

use anaerobic transport containers

DO NOT refrigerate

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12
Q

True or False: you should freeze or refrigerate anaerobic samples

A

false

O2 penetrates cold tissue better

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13
Q

anaerobic culture

A

gram negative

filamentous tapered rod

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Bacteroides fargilis

Dischelobacter nodosus

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14
Q

what are three gram negative anaerobes

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Bacteroides fargilis

Dischelobacter nodosus

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15
Q

infection by an anaerobe requires ___

A

trauma of deep tissues that leads to ischemia and a decrease in O2

fecal contamination or a bite

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16
Q

___ lead to abscesses, gingivitis, peritonitis and tissue necrosis

A

anaerobes

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17
Q

Fusobacterium necrophorum play a key roll in ___

A

rumen function (lactic acid metabolization)

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18
Q

___ causes “necrobacillosis”

A

fusobacterium necrophorum

(gram - anaerobe)

important in rumen function

leads to ulcerative diseases

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19
Q

what type of ulcerative diseases does Fusobacterium necrophorum cause?

A

calf diphtheria→ break down larynx

stomatitis → cattle and pigs mouth swelling

rumenitis → acidosis → leads to liver abscesses and joint infection by T. pyogenes

foot rot in cattle

foot Thrush in horses

(F. necrophorum, bacteroides fragilis, dichelobacter nodosus) is a gram - anaerobe)

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20
Q

___ is the ulcerative breakdown of the cows larynx and is caused by ___

A

calf diphtheria

Fusobacterium necrophorum

(F. necrophorum, bacteroides fragilis, dichelobacter nodosus) is a gram - anaerobe)

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21
Q

how does Fuscobacterium necrophorum caused liver abscesses

A

will cause rumen acidosis which leads to increase in bacteria and ruminal abscesses → bacteria will emboli and travel to the liver where the cause more abscesses

(T. pyogenes also cause Liver abscesses)

(F. necrophorum, bacteroides fragilis, dichelobacter nodosus) is a gram - anaerobe)

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22
Q

what anaerobic gram - produces beta lactamase?

A

Bacteroides fragilis

(Fusobacterium necrophorum, bacteroides fragilis, dichelobacter nodosus) is a gram - anaerobe)

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23
Q

bacteroides fragilis is a gram ___ ____

A

negative anaerobe

opportunistic→ normal flora or mammalian colon

produces beta lactamase → resistant to penicillin!

(Fusobacterium necrophorum, bacteroides fragilis, dichelobacter nodosus) is a gram - anaerobe)

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24
Q

Bacteroides fragilis produces ___

A

beta lactamase → resistant to penicillin

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25
Q

Dichelobacter nodosus is found ___

A

short life in soil

obligate parasite of ruminant hooves

cause root rot

(Fusobacterium necrophorum, bacteroides fragilis, dichelobacter nodosus) is a gram - anaerobe)

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26
Q

___ cause foot rot in sheep

A

Dichelobacter nodosus

obligate parasite of ruminant hooves that produces keratinase

(Fusobacterium necrophorum, bacteroides fragilis, dichelobacter nodosus) is a gram - anaerobe)

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27
Q

Dischelobacter nodosus produce ___

A

keratinase → helps bacteria breakdown ruminant hooves

cause foot rot in sheep

(Fusobacterium necrophorum, bacteroides fragilis, dichelobacter nodosus is a gram - anaerobe)

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28
Q

how to treat foot rot

A

caused by Dichelobacter nodosus

foot baths and routine trimming

(Fusobacterium necrophorum, bacteroides fragilis, dichelobacter nodosus is a gram - anaerobe)

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29
Q

what are 2 gram + anaeorobes

A

Clostridium (histotoxic, neurotoxic, enterotoxigenic)

actinomyces (A. bovis → lumpy jaw and fistulous withers)

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30
Q

when does clostridium sporulate vs germinate?

A

Bacteria undergo sporulation in aerobic environments
and germinate in anaerobic.

Clostridium (gram +, spore forming, anaerobe)

(actinomyces is also a gram +, anaerobe, acid fast negative)

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31
Q

is clostridium easy to eliminate

A

No. spores had to clean

require autoclaving and disinfectants with extended wet contact time

32
Q

how to treat clostridium

A

gram positive, spore forming, anaerobe

two part treatment → treat the toxin (anti-toxin) and treat the pathogen with penicillin

33
Q

Histotoxic Clostridium

C. chauvoei ____

C. haemolyticum ____

C. Enterotoxigenic novyi type B ____

C. novyi type A ____

C. septicum ___

C. perfringens type A ____

A

C. chauvoei (blackleg)

C. haemolyticum (bacillary haemoglobinuria

C. Enterotoxigenic novyi type B (Black Disease)

C. novyi type A (Big head)

C. septicum (malignant edema and braxy)

C. perfringens type A (Gas Gangrene)

34
Q

2 types of neurotoxic clostridium

A

C. botulism

C. tetani

35
Q

2 type of enterotoxic Clostridium

A

C. perfringens Type A-E

Clostridiodes difficile

36
Q

MOA of C. tetani

A

gram + anaerobe

found in soil and mammal intestines

wound such as castration or puncture causes anaerobic environment and C. tetani starts to grow and produce Tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin)

blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitter (GABA) of motor neurons

GABA tells muscles to relax → No gaba= spastic paralysis

37
Q

how does C. tetani get into the body?

A

gram + anaerobe

found in soil and mammal intestines

wound such as castration or puncture causes anaerobic environment and C. tetani starts to grow and produce Tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin)

leads to spastic paralysis by blocking the release of GABA (tells muscles to relax)

38
Q

tetanus toxin blocks the release of ___

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA of motor neurons

GABA tells muscles to relax

no GABA = no relax = SPASTIC paralysis

39
Q

___ causes spastic paralysis

A

C. tetani

(neurotoxic)

blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA of motor neurons

40
Q

another name for tetanus toxin

A

tetanospasmin

41
Q

what are some symptoms of C. tetani in cows?

A

spastic paralysis

sawhorse stance

opisthotonus (head seize back)

(C. tetani is a neurologic toxin→ gram + anaerobe)

42
Q

what are symptoms of tetanus in dogs

A

protrusion of nictitating membrane

sardonic smile

43
Q

how do people get botulism

A

C. botulinum bacteria spores invade damaged cans

while inside the anaerobic environment the bacteria germinate (grow and form toxins)

humans eat the canned food and the preformed toxins

44
Q

shaker foal syndrome

A

caused by C. botulinum infection in infants → bacteria enters through unhealed umbilicus

45
Q

MOA of C. botulinum

A

blocks release of acetylcholine (inhibition at cholinergic peripheral synapses)

can’t trigger action → muscles can’t contract → flaccid paralysis

46
Q

___ leads to flaccid paralysis

A

C. botulinum

prevents release of Acetylcholine

muscle can’t contract (inhibition of cholinergic peripheral synapses)

47
Q

___ leads to flaccid paralysis

A

C. botulinum

prevents release of Acetylcholine

muscle can’t contract (inhibition of cholinergic peripheral synapses)

48
Q

how do people with C. botulinum die

A

flaccid paralysis

respiratory failure → diaphragm can’t contract = can’t breathe

49
Q

symptoms of botulinum in horses

A

wobbly, food drop, tongue out

50
Q

avian botulism life cycle

A

bird die → botulism grows in anaerobic environment of the carcass

flies come and maggots become infected with botulism toxin

birds eat these infected maggots and die and it all starts again

can lead to mass die off

51
Q

___ causes black leg

A

C. chauvoei

(type of histotoxic)

52
Q

how does black leg occur

A

C. chauvoei spores are ingested and settles into muscles

trauma to that muscle leads to anaerobic environment and germination of the spores → release exotoxin that causes rapid necrosis of the muscle

53
Q

C. chauvoei cause ___

A

black leg in ruminants

spores are eaten, settle in muscle, muscle damaged, spores grow and produce toxin that causes rapid necrosis

54
Q

___ cause red water

A

C. haemolyticum

histotoxic

spores are eaten and make it to the liver → migrating liver fluke cause anaerobic environment → toxin produced cause production of phospholipase C → intravascular hemolysis→ bacillary hemoglobinuria (red bloody urine)

55
Q

bacillary hemoglobinuria is caused by ___

A

C. haemolyticum

histotoxic

spores are eaten and make it to the liver → toxin produced cause production of phospholipase C → intravascular hemolysis→ hemoglobinuria (red bloody urine)

56
Q

___ causes black disease

A

C. novyi type B

similar to C. haemolyticum that causes bloody urine

only acts on liver

this will causes necrotizing hepatitis → sudden death

57
Q

C. novyi type B

A

histotoxic gram + anaerobe

causes Black disease

necrotizing hepatitis and sudden death

58
Q

C. novyi type A cause ___

A

gas gangrene→ Big head in sheep

effects soft tissue, enters through wounds

(gram + anaerobic histotoxic bacteria)

59
Q

Big head is caused by ___

A

C. novyi type A

enters through wounds and is histotoxic to soft tissue → breakdown of tissues cause “gas gangrene”

(gram + anaerobic)

60
Q

C. septicum causes ___

A

malignant edema and gas gangrene

enters through wounds and causes cellulitis with localized large swelling of muscle tissue

more treatable then C. chauvoei

similar to C. chauvoei (black leg→ spores eaten, live in muscle and produce exotoxin that causes rapid necrosis)

(soft tissue histotoxic gram + anaerobe)

61
Q

malignant edema and gas gangrene is caused by ___

A

C. septicum

enters through wounds and exotoxins causes cellulitis with localized large swelling of muscle tissue

similar to C. chauvoei (black leg→ spores eaten, live in muscle and produce exotoxin that causes rapid necrosis)

(soft tissue histotoxic gram + anaerobe)

62
Q

___ is caused when spores are ingested and move to muscle. Muscle damaged and spores germinate and produce toxin that causes necrosis

A

C. chauvoei

63
Q

____ can be histotoxic and enterotoxic

A

C. perfringens Type A → cause gas gangrene and enteritis

64
Q

___ cause cause gas gangrene and enteritis

A

C. perfringens Type A

65
Q

overeating disease is caused by

A

C. perfringens type D

also called pulpy kidney disease

caused by over consumption of milk or feed with high carb load

spores grow in gut and produce epsilon toxin that cause pore formation in target cells → accumulates in the kidney

66
Q

what toxin does C. perfringens type D produce

A

epsilon toxin → cause pore formation → accumulates in the kidney

causes overeating disease in sheep and goats / pulpy kidney disease

67
Q

Pseudomembranous colitis

A

caused by Clostridiodes difficile

in horses, shedding of mucosal membrane of the GI tract → feces will have membrane around them

caused by previous antibiotic use that wipes out normal flora and C. diff goes crazy

68
Q

Clostridiodes difficile cause ___

A

Pseudomembranous colitis in horses

feces with membrane from shedding mucosal membrane

69
Q

____ is an atypical clostridia that stains gram negative

A

C. piliforme

70
Q

__ causes Tyzzer’s disease

A

C. piliform

weird clostridia that stains gram negative

causes acute liver failure or death

associated with too much nitrogen in the diet

71
Q

Tyzzer’s disease happens in ___ when ___

A

foals and lab animals

too much nitrogen in the diets

leads to acute liver failure and death

C. piliforme

72
Q

___ are anaerobic gram + branching filamentous rods

A

actinomyces

73
Q

___ are gram negative anaerobic filamentous tapered rods

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

(Fusobacterium necrophorum, bacteroides fragilis and dichelobacter nodosus are all gram - anaerobes)

74
Q
A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

gram - anaerobic rod

75
Q

2 neurotoxin anaerobes

___- MOA of toxin and resulting clinical disease

____ MOA of toxin and resulting clinical disease, carcass-magot life cycle

A

C. tentani → block release of GABA → can’t relax → spastic paralysis

C. botulism (avian botulism)→ blocks AcH release flaccid paralysis

Fall 22: micro (25 decks)

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