Test 1: mycoplasma and spirochetes Flashcards
what is special about the build of mycoplasma
lack a cell wall → makes them flexible and very small
___ lack a cell wall and instead have a ___ membrane
Mycoplasma
cholesterol
why can’t mycoplasma be gram stained
no cell wall
do mycoplasma get their cholesterol from outside the cell or do they make it themselves?
from environment
why they are so small, they don’t have to build a lot of stuff
two divisions of mycoplasma
hemotropic mycoplasma
non-hemotropic mycoplasma
___ type of mycoplasma do not grow in media and cause ___ infections
hemotropic
blood borne infections
(grow on the surface of red blood cells→ pericellular)
___ type of mycoplasma can be cultured in a special media, cause ___ infections
non-hemotropic
tissue (respiratory, joint, mastitis)
how are hemotropic mycoplasma transmitted
tick and fleas
blood transfusions
how are non- hemotropic mycoplasma transmitted
host species specific
direct contract with secretions
+/- fomite spread
vertical transmission (mom to baby)
non-hemotropic mycoplasma have ___ transmission in poultry
vertical
mother to egg
pathogenesis of hemotropic mycoplasma
Subclinical infection for some species.
RBC’s destroyed leading to hemolysis → low PCV, icterus
• Unclear if immune or pathogen mediated
Occassionally secondarily autoantibodies will form against RBC’s → IMHA
pathogenesis of non-hemotropic mycoplasma
subclinical infection
inflammatory response
chronic carriage is common
what are three hemotropic mycoplasma
M. suis→ eperythrozooonosis→ fever, lethargy, icterus and low PCV
M. haemocanis → hemolytic anemia in splenoctimized/ immune compromised animals
M. haemofelis→ infectious feline anemia
what are the non-hemotropic mycoplasma found in birds
Avian mycoplasmas
• MG→ (gallisepticum) sinusitis, facial swelling, cough, nasal discharge, air sac lesions
MS→lameness, swelling of joints
what are the non-hemotropic mycoplasma found in cattle
Cattle mycoplasmas
• M. mycoides→ CBPP (foreign animal disease)
• M. bovis→ mastitis, bronchopneumonia (shipping fever), arthritis, meningitis, abortion
what are the non-hemotropic mycoplasma found in pigs
Swine
• M. hyopneumoniae→ porcine enzootic pneumonia
• M. hyorhinis→ polyserositis and arthritis
• M. hyosynoviae → polyarthritis
what are the non-hemotropic mycoplasma found in dogs and cats
Companion animals
• M. cynos→ URI in dogs
• M. felis→ URI→ conjuntivitis
Mycoplasma gallispeticum is what kind of mycoplasma
found in chicken and turkeys
facial swelling, cough, nasal discharge, air sac lesions
non-hemotropic mycoplasma → spread by vertical transmission(mother to egg) and spread laterally by direct or indirect contact
symptoms of MG
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (avian non-hemotropic mycoplasma)
sinusitus, coughing, nasal discharge, and severe air sac lesions.
Consequences of infection include mortality, carcass condemnation, and reduced egg production, hatchability, feed efficiency and weight gain.
symptoms of MS
Mycoplasma Synoviae (avian non-hemotropic mycoplasma)
Infectious synovitis resulting in lameness, swelling of joints, and tendon sheaths and retarded growth and egg production, subclinical upper respiratory infection
“MG” and ”MS” are controlled by ___ monitoring and ___
serologic
depopulation.
mycoplasma synoviae and mycoplasma gallispeticum (non-hemotropic avian mycoplasma)
Mycoplasma mycoides cause ___
CBPP→ contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
non-hemotropic cattle mycoplasma
___ is a foreign animal disease of cattle
mycoplasma mycoides
(non-hemotropic cattle mycoplasma)
- *Eradicated** from US, Europe and Australia.
- *Endemic** to Africa and Asia
where can you find Mycoplasma mycoides
- *Eradicated** from US, Europe and Australia.
- *Endemic** to Africa and Asia
(foreign animal disease)
(non-hemotropic cattle mycoplasma→ causes CBPP)
Mycoplasma bovis causes ___
mastitis and bronchopneumonia, arthritis, meningitis and abortion
(non-hemotropic cattle mycoplasma)
___ is believed to be a predisposing factor in bovine respiratory disease (shipping fever).
mycoplasma bovis
(non-hemotropic cattle mycoplasma)
causes mastitis, pneumonia, arthritis, meningitis, abortion
what type of cattle mycoplasma is found in the US and which is a foreign animal disease
Mycoplasma bovis → 1-8% of US herds
Mycoplasma mycoides → Eradicated from US, Europe and Australia. Endemic to Africa and Asia
what are three non-hemotropic mycoplasma in pigs
M. hyosynoviae
M. hyorhinis
M. hyopneumoniae
___is the agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, an important economic problem affecting swine production worldwide.
M. hyopneumoniae (non-hemotropic swine mycoplasma)
___ sporadic cause of polyserositis and arthritis in swine
M. hyorhinis (non-hemotropic pig mycoplasma)
___( formery Eperythrozoon suis) is the agent of eperythrozooonosis
of swine.
M. suis
hemotropic swine mycoplasma
symptoms of M. suis
fever, lethargy, icterus and low PCV
hemotropic pig mycoplasma
____ is only mycoplasma commonly associated with respiratory disease in dogs.
M. cynos
(non-hemotropic canine mycoplasma)
____ has been isolated from dogs with urogenital disease and infertility.
M. canis
non-hemotropic canine mycoplasma
___occasionally leads to severe hemolytic anemia in immune compromised or splenectomized animals.
M. haemocanis
(hemotropic mycoplasma)
___ is a significant agent of conjunctivitis in young (or herpes co-infected) cats.
M. felis
non-hemotropic mycoplasma in cats
M. felis cause ___
ulcerative keratitis
conjunctivitis
(non-hemotropic feline mycoplasma)
___ is the agent of infectious feline anemia.
M. haemofelis
(hemotropic mycoplasma)
M. haemofelis
hemotropic mycoplasma found in cats
(pericellular)
how to diagnosis hemotropic mycoplasma
Identification of organism on blood smear
CAN NOT grow in culture
PCR and serology are widely available for the well described pathogens in many species
how to diagnosis non-hemotropic mycoplasma
culture (special methods)
PCR
not always clinically significant
Can you use beta lactams on mycoplasma?
no→they do NOT have a cell wall
___ can be used to treat mycoplasma
tetracyclines and macrolides
(NO BETA LACTAMS → NO cell wall)
where is the flagella in spirochetes?
inside the periplasmic space
what are the maintenance hosts of leptospira
rats (asymptomatic rodents)
wild and domestic animals
Infect renal tubules, shed massive amounts in urine with no clinical signs.
how does lepto get into dogs
rodents carry asymptomatically→ infect renal tubules and shed in urine
dogs direct exposure to soil, surface water with urine inside
dogs → incidental host → symptomatic
Lepto symptoms in dogs
dogs are incidental hosts
acute kidney injury +/- liver disease enzyme elevations/decreased platelets.
Leptospira in horses cause ___
moon blindness (equine recurrent uveitis)
fever, icterus and abortion
leptospira in cattle and swine cause ___
abortion, weak calves/piglets, septicemia
how to diagnosis leptospira
PCR
point-of care assay for IgM and IgG in dogs
titer
treatment for Lepto
tetracyclines
ampicillin can be used in clinical dogs but only docycycline has been shown to stop shedding (2 week course)
Borrelia burgdorferi is spread by ___
lyme disease?
ticks → ixodes scapularis
___ is the maintenance host for Borrelia burgdorferi
white footed mouse
life cycle of borrelia byrgdorferi
another name for the bulls eye formed from lyme disease
Erythema multiforme
symptoms of Borrelia burgdorferi
lyme disease
fever of unknown origin, lethargy and lameness
labs and goldens with lyme disease can develop
Lyme glomerulonephritis (Type III hypersensitivity reaction).
should be screened for proteinuria
Borrelia burgdorferi in horses
Neck pain, gait abnormalities, dysphagia
• Poor prognosis
usually found post mortem→ cause intrathecal (CSF) antibody production
Borrelia burgdorferi prevenetion
tick prevention
vaccines → OspA subunit
how does OspA subunit vaccine work
used for lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi)
OspA is made by ticks
if you give OspA antigen to a horse, the horse will develop antibodies, when tick bites horse it will drink those antibodies and kill itself
treatment for Borrelia burgdorferi
doxycycline (tetracyclines)
penicillins, eerythromycin and FQ
Antibody-based assays (SNAP tests)
___
as agent of infectious feline anemia
M. haemofelis