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Fall 22: micro > Test 1: lecture 4 gram + > Flashcards

Test 1: lecture 4 gram + Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three main types of gram positive cocci

A

staphylococcus

streptococcus

enterococcus (formerly group D strep)

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2
Q

what does staphylococcus look like under the microscope

A

purple cocci in clusters

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3
Q

what does streptococcus look like under the microscope

A

purple cocci in chains

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4
Q

what does enterococcus look like under the microscope

A

oblong cocci to coccobacilli

often in pairs or chains

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5
Q

catalase test can be used the tell the difference between what gram + cocci?

A

staphylococcus → +

streptococcus → negative

enterococcus → negative/ pseudocatalase

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6
Q

which gram + cocci will sometimes have positive coagulase test

A

enterococcus

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7
Q

what kind of hemolysis will streptococcus have?

A

alpha, beta and gamma

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8
Q

what kind of hemolysis will enterococcus have?

A

gamma → not hemolytic

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9
Q

gram + cocci in cluster is

A

staphylococcus

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10
Q
A

Staphylococcus in clusters
gram +

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11
Q
A

Streptococcus in chains

gram +

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12
Q
A

Enterococcus → gram + cocci

cocci → coccobacilli

can form chains

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13
Q

How do bacteria use catalase to survive?

A

Catalase is an extracellular enzyme.

It functions to inactivate hydrogen peroxide (producing oxygen) and free radicals in macrophages leading to intracellular survival

allows staphylococcus to travel around inside macrophages without being eaten

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14
Q

how does catalase test work?

A

catalase produced by the bacteria will cause bubbles

staphylococcus is catalase + → catalase is also used to deactivate macrophages to allow staph to use them for movement

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15
Q

a positive catalase test for a gram + cocci means ___

A

staphylococcus bacteria

hydrogen peroxide will react with catalase and produce O2 (bubbles)

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16
Q

When you think skin infections… THINK ___

A

staphylococcus

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17
Q

___ causes opportunistic infections of almost all body system

A

staphylococcus

gram + cocci

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18
Q

___ causes canine pyoderma, greasy pig disease and bovine mastitis

A

staphylococcus

gram + cocci

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19
Q

coagulase test

A

a staphylococcus test only!

coagulase binds to prothrombin and causes conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin → creates a clot

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20
Q

staphylococci aureus cause what 3 diseases?

A

gram + cocci

equine SSTI, bovine contagious mastitis and avian bumblefoot

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21
Q

equine SSTI, bovine cont. mastitis and avian bumblefoot is caused by ___

A

staphylococcus aureus

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22
Q

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (& S. schleiferi) cause what diseases ___

A

staph pseud

  • pyoderma> otitis
  • Canine & feline SSTI
  • struvite urolithiasis (also proteus a gram -)

staph. schleiferi

  • otitis> pyoderma
  • Canine & feline SSTI
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23
Q

staphylococci hyicus cause what diseases?

A

Greasy pig disease

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24
Q

Greasy pig disease is causes by ___

A

staphylococcus hyicus

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25
Q

Canine & feline SSTI, pyoderma, struvite urolithiasis and otitis is caused by __

A

Staphylococci pseudintermedius → gram + cocci that is coagulase +

  • pyoderma> otitis
  • Canine & feline SSTI
  • struvite urolithiasis (also proteus a gram -)

Staphylococci schleiferi → gram + cocci that is variable coagulase +

  • otitis> pyoderma
  • Canine & feline SSTI
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26
Q

transmission of staphylococcus aureus to cats and dogs is by ___

A

anthropozoonotic transmission → from person to animal

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27
Q

staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen of ___

A

people, rare to find on cats and dogs

very common in horses

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28
Q

staphylococcus aureus in horses

A

cause SSTI → mostly post op infections

septic arthritis and osteomyelitis

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29
Q

horses are common carriers of nasal ___

A

MRSA

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

(gram + cocci that is coagulase +)

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30
Q

___ is the bacteria usually found in post op infections in horses

A

staphylococcus aureus (gram +)

skin → think staph

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31
Q

Staphylococcus aureus will cause ____ in cattle

A

contagious mastitis

spread from cow to milking equipment to cow

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32
Q

___ causes contagious mastitis in cows

A

staphylococcus aureus (gram + cocci, coagulase +)

strep. agalactiae
strep. dysgalactiae

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33
Q

bumblefoot is caused by ___

A

staphylococcus aureus (gram + cocci, coagulase +)

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34
Q

___ is a chronic granulomatous process in the subcutaneous tissues of the foot caused by S. aureus

A

bumble foot

staphylococcus aureus (gram + cocci, coagulase +)

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35
Q

does S. pseudo or S. sch cause pyoderma

A

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius > S. schleiferi

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36
Q

does S. pseudo or S. sch cause otitis

A

S. schleiferi > S. pseudintermedius

gram + cocci, S. sch → variable coagulase, S. pseud → + coagulase

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37
Q

what causes struvite urolithiasis

A

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

S. felis in cats

proteus (gram -)

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38
Q

___ produce urease

A

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus felis → (gram + cocci)

proteus (gram -)

cause struvite urolithiasis

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39
Q

explain how urease works

A

enzyme that changes ammonia into ammonium

→ cause a urine pH increase → leads to crystal formation → stone(urolith) formation → bacteria will form on stones and form biofilm which makes them very hard to kill and cause a persistent infection

(Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and S. felis and proteus → produce urease cause struvite urolithiasis)

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40
Q

how does struvite urolithiasis form

A

(Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and S. felis produce urease which is an enzyme that changes ammonia into ammonium → cause a urine pH increase → leads to crystal formation → stone(urolith) formation → bacteria will form on stones and form biofilm which makes them very hard to kill and cause a persistent infection

cause struvite urolithiasis

these are gram + cocci

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41
Q

another name for greasy pig disease

A

exudative epidermitis (caused by staphylococcus hyicus)

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42
Q

greasy pig disease is caused by ___

A

staphylococcus hyicus (gram + cocci)

young 7 week old pigs secondary to fighting/biting

Often systemic and rapidly fatal, affects lungs, lymph nodes,
kidneys and brain.

Skin lesions characterized by a thick grey-brown exudate around face and ears.

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43
Q

staphylococcus hyicus cause ___

A

exudative epidermitis (greasy pig disease)

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44
Q

how to test for methicillin resistance

A

broth micro dilution to find MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) using Oxacillin

(beta lactam→ bactericidal and time dependent→ target cell wall synthesis by inhibiting PBP which cause NAG and NAM crosslinking in peptidoglycan)

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45
Q

what are the sensitivity ranges for MRSP

A

< 0.25 ng/ul = Sensitive
> 0.5 ng/ul = Resistant

use oxacillin (type of beta lactam)

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46
Q

methicillin resistance is cause by the bacterial production of ___ that causes ___

A

PBP2a

will allow cross linking of NAG and NAM to build peptidoglycan even in the presence of antibiotic

encoded by the mecA gene (SCC)

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47
Q

what gene produces the enzyme PBP2a

A

mecA gene (SCC)

resistant to beta lactams → cause methicillin resistance → allow for NAG and NAM cross linking to make peptidoglycan

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48
Q

MRSA vs MRSP

A

methicillin resistance staphylococcus aureus

methicillin resistance staphylococcus pseudintermedius

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49
Q

sensitivity points for MRSA and MRSP

A

MRSA 2 and 4

MRSP < 0.25= sensitive, > 0.5= resistant

50
Q

__ confers resistance to ALL BETA LACTAM DRUGS

A

methicillin-resistance

mecaA gene (SCC) → PBP2a enzyme

51
Q

streptococcus can be both ___ and ___

A

true pathogen and opportunists

52
Q

Beta hemolysis

A

complete hemolysis can see through plate

blood agar plates

53
Q

alpha hemolysis

A

greening/incomplete hemolysis

54
Q

gamma hemolysis

A

no hemolysis

55
Q

hemolysis testing is diagnostic for ___

A

streptococcus (gram + cocci in chains)

56
Q

viridans streptococci

A

alpha hemolysis → incomplete/greening of blood agar plate

(commensal strep → usually clinically irrelevant)

hemoglobin changes to methemoglobin

57
Q

what process causes alpha hemolysis

A

hemoglobin changes to methemoglobin

(commensal strep → usually clinically irrelevant)

58
Q
A

alpha streptococcus

(commensal strep → usually clinically irrelevant)

59
Q

what process causes Beta hemolysis

A

lyse erythrocytes and produce a clear zone of hemolysis

60
Q

what are some Beta- streptococci

A

Streptococcus canis (group G)

S. equi subspecies. equi (group C)

S. equi subspecies zooepidemicus (group C)

S. agalactiae (B)

61
Q
A

beta- streptococcus

can see through plate→ complete hemolysis

62
Q

gamma streptococci are __ hemolytic

A

non (gamma)

63
Q

gamma- strep are mostly ___

A

non-pathogenic or opportunistic pathogens

64
Q

enterococcus will cause what type of hemolysis

A

gamma → no hemolysis

65
Q

Group B strep include

A

streptococcus agalactiae → cause neonatal sepsis in human and contagious mastitis in cows

66
Q

cause neonatal sepsis in human and contagious mastitis in cows

A

streptococcus agalactiae

(group B strep)

67
Q

streptococcus agalactiae cause ___

A

neonatal sepsis in humans

mastitis in cows

group B strep (gram + cocci)

68
Q

___ is used to confirm group B streptococcus

A

CAMP test

Streptococcus agalactiae (horizontal) will cause wedge shape in the presence of staphylococcus aureus

69
Q

CAMP test is used to identify ___. Though not strongly beta- hemolytic on its own, it presents with a wedge- shape in the presence of ____

A

Streptococcus agalactiae (gram + cocci, group B strep)

Staphylococcus aureus (gram + cocci)

70
Q

group C strep include

A

Streptococcus dysgalactiae

S. equi subspecies equi

S. equi subspecies zooepidemicus

71
Q

S. dysgalactiae

A

group C strep

cause mastitis (mix of contagious and environmental)

72
Q

___ causes strangles in ___

A

group C strep

Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (gram + cocci)

horses

73
Q

the clinical symptoms of S. equi subspecies equi are

A

strangles

fever, nasal discharge, severe lymphadenopathy

74
Q

fever, nasal discharge and severe lymphadenopathy are symptoms of ___

A

strangles caused by group C strep → S. equi subspecies equi

75
Q

strangles can spread by

A

direct and fomite spread

group C strep → S. equi subspecies equi

76
Q

___ cause endometritis and septic arthritis in horses

A

group C strep → Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus

77
Q

S. equi subspecies zooepidemicus is found ___

A

in the horses mouth → opportunistic infection that causes endometritis and septic arthritis

group C strep (gram + cocci chains)

78
Q

S. equi subspecies zooepidemicus will cause ___ in horses and ___ in dogs

A

Pneumonia- across MANY animal species
• Shipping fever, endometritis and septic arthritis in horses
• Severe, necrotizing, hemorrhagic pneumonia of dogs

Group C strep (gram + cocci strands)

79
Q

S. agalactiae augments the hemolytic activity of staphylococcal beta-toxin via the action of the ___

A

CAMP factor

80
Q

group G strep

81
Q

___ is the most common strep in dogs and cats

A

group G. Streptococcus canis

82
Q

S. canis is found ___

A

normal mucosal flora in dogs and cats

group C strep

83
Q

___ is the most common cause of endocarditis in dogs

A

group G strep

streptococcus canis

84
Q

Group G strep is associated with ___ and ___in dogs

A

toxic shock syndrom

necrotising fasciitis

group G strep → S. canis (gram + cocci chains)

85
Q

S. canis cause ___ in dogs

A

endocarditis, secondary pneumonia, toxic shock syndroma nd necrotizing fasciitis

group G strep (gram + cocci chains)

86
Q

how does toxic shock syndrome work?

A

bacteria such as group G strep - S. canis

will bind to T cell forming a superantigen → leads to the overproduction of downstream cytokines (increased inflammation)

87
Q

Group R strep

88
Q

group R strep cause ___ in pigs

A

Streptococcus suis (gram + cocci chains)

encephalitis, meningitis, arthritis, septicemia, abortion and endocarditis in pigs

89
Q

what is so dangerous about group R strep

A

S. suis is zoonotic → can transfer from animal to human

swine

90
Q

___ is the agent of environmental mastitis in cattle

A

Streptococcus uberis/parauberis

non-groupable strep

91
Q

___ is a common respiratory pathogen in guinea pigs

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

occasionally seen in horses, mainly a human pathogen

92
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

non group-able strep

Common respiratory pathogen of Guinea Pigs
– Occasionally reported from horses
– Mainly a human pathogen

93
Q

Group A strep

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

cause strep throat

94
Q

___ causes strep throat

A

streptococcus pyogenes

group A strep

95
Q

what drug is used to treat strep?

A

penicillin

amazing gram + activity, some gram -, narrow spectrum, aerobes, some anaerobes

beta lactam ( bactericidal, time dependent, cell wall synthesis→ attack PBP which allow for NAG and NAM crosslinking in peptidoglycan)

96
Q

what drug should not be used to treat strep

A

fluoroquinolones such as Baytril

97
Q

__ is just poop

A

enterococcus

formerly group D strep

normal fecal flora

98
Q

enterococcus is intrinsically resistant to ___

A

cephalosporins (type of beta lactam→ cell wall)

TMS( potentiated sulfonamide→ folic acid)

Clindamycin (linocosamide→ protein synthesis)

Fluoroquinolones (DNA synthesis)

99
Q

___ is a type of enterococcus that is sensitive to penicillin

A

Enterococcus faecalis

is = is easy to treat

(gram + cocci/ coccobacilli pairs and chains)

100
Q

E. faecalis

A

type of enterococcus (gram + cocci)

typically sensitive to penicillin

is easy to treat

101
Q

__ is a type of enterococcus that is resistant to penicillins

A

enterococcus faecium

um… how to treat this?

102
Q

VRE

A

Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus faecium

um… resistant to pencillin

hospital acquired pathogen

103
Q

what 4 gram positive bacteria cause mastitis

A

contagious

staph. aureus
strep. agalactiae (group B strep)
strep. dysgalactiae (group C strep)

environmental

Strep. uberis/ parauberis (non groubable strep)

strep. dysgalactiae (group C strep)

104
Q

what do staph. aureus, strep. agalactiae and strep. dysgalactiae have in common

A

all cause contagious mastitis

staph. aureus
strep. agalactiae (group B strep)
strep. dysgalactiae (group C strep)

105
Q

gram positive cocci that are catalase positive are

106
Q

gram positive cocci that are catalase negative are

108
Q

___ cause equine SSTI, avian bumblefoot and contagious bovine mastitis

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

gram + cocci, catalase +, coag +

109
Q

___ cause struvite urolithiasis, pyoderma, otitis

A

staphylococcus pseudintermedius

gram + cocci, catalase +, coag +

110
Q

___ cause otitis, pyoderma

A

staphylococcus schleiferi

gram + cocci, catalase +, variable coag

111
Q

___ cause struvite urolithiasis

A

S. felis → gram + cocci, catalase +, coag -

S. pseudintermedius → gram + cocci, catalase +, coag +

Proteus → gram -

112
Q

___ causes exudative epidermitis (greasy pig)

A

staphylococcus hyicus

gram +, catalase +, variable coag

113
Q

Group B- ___- contagious mastitis and neonatal sepsis

A

S. agalactiae

CAMP test

gram + cocci, catalase -

114
Q

Group C- ___- contagious and environmental mastitis

A

Streptococcus dysgalactiae

gram + cocci, catalase -

115
Q

Group C- ____ -strangles

A

Streptococcus equi subspecies equi

gram + cocci

116
Q

Group C- ___- Opportunistic infection- shipping fever, endometritis, septic arthritis/pneumonia

A

Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus

gram + cocci, catalase negative

117
Q

Group G- ___- invasive Opportunistic infection- endocarditis/contaminant -TSS, necrotizing fasciitis

A

Streptococcus canis

gram + cocci chains, catalase negative

118
Q

Group R, S, T- ___- septicemia/zoonotic

A

Streptococcus suis

encephalitis, meningitis, arthritis septicemia, abortion, endocarditis

gram + cocci chains, catalase -

119
Q

Non-groupable- ___- environmental mastitis

A

S. uberis/parauberis

S. pneumoniae → humans and guinea pigs

gram + cocci chains

120
Q

two types of enterococcus

A

E. faecalis- Opportunistic infection/Contaminant → penicillin

E. faecium- Opportunistic infection/Contaminant→ resistant to penicillin

Fall 22: micro (25 decks)

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