questions Flashcards
The origins of outbreaks in pigs caused by viruses such as Hog Cholera, Foot-and-Mouth Disease, and vesicular exanthema of swine have been traced back to:
Contaminated vaccine preps
Contaminated animal meat products (swill)
Reassortment of the viral genomes
Human to animal transmission
The presence of reverse transcriptas
Contaminated animal meat products (swill)
First virus has 3-layer capsid and segmented genome. Second virus has a negative sense RNA unsegmented genome, and is bullet-shaped. What are the two viruses?
Ebola virus & EEE
Rotavirus & BVDV
Feline Calicivirus & FMDV
Bluetongue virus & vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)
West Nile Virus (WNV) & Rabies virus
Bluetongue virus & vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)
true or false
The influenza virus suglutin protein (HA) allows virus binding to sialic acids in the cell membrane.
true
T/F
The acidic environment of the endosome destroys the influenza virus and is a major factor for the restriction of influenza infection.
false
T/F
M2 makes ion pores
true
T/F
the influenza neuraminidase protein (NA) is essential for virus release from the endosome to the cytoplasm.
false
Can occur in viruses bearing segmented or non-segmented genomes & give rise to small changes in viral proteins:
drift
The sudden emergence of highly virulent forms of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an example of antigenic
drift
Mutations that increase the number of basic amino acids at the cleavage site of the Newcastle Disease Virus F protein will enhance the virulence of the virus. This is due to:
a. More efficient release of the virus from the cell surface
b. More efficient fusion of the virus to the endosomes
c. More efficient binding of the virus to cellular receptors
d. More efficient entry of the virus into cells
e. Retention of the viral RNA in the endosome
d. More efficient entry of the virus into cells
T or F
The influenza virus genome is composed of a segmented positive sense single strand RNA.
false
Which of the following is TRUE?
The influenza virus genome is composed of DNA, replicates in the cell nucleus, and is not segmented.
The influenza virus genome is composed of positive sense RNA, replicated in the nucleus, and it is transformed to DNA.
The influenza virus genome is composed of negative sense RNA, replicates in the nucleus, and is segmented.
The influenza virus genome is composed of negative sense RNA, replicates in the cytoplasm, and is non-segmented.
The influenza virus genome is composed of positive sense RNA, replicates in the cytoplasm, and is segmented.
The influenza virus genome is composed of negative sense RNA, replicates in the nucleus, and is segmented.
The influenza virus HA protein:
Binds to sialic acids at the cell surface and allows virus fusion with the cell membrane.
Requires activation by cellular proteases to allow virus fusion with the endosome membrane.
Is modified by the acidic environment of the endosome to allow virus replication in the endosome.
Is not an important virulence factor for influenza virus.
Is not implicated in the host restriction of influenza virus.
Requires activation by cellular proteases to allow virus fusion with the endosome membrane.
Antigenic DRIFT:
Is the mechanism by which influenza virus enters the host cells.
Occurs in viruses with segmented genomes due to reassortment of the genomic segments.
Is a mechanism for point mutations in the genome that lead to small variations in the virus proteins.
Is never involved in the generation of viruses with different host specificities.
None of the above.
Is a mechanism for point mutations in the genome that lead to small variations in the virus proteins.
Which of the following is FALSE?
Pigs can be infected with influenza viruses of different host species, for example human influenza and avian influenza, acting as “mixing vessels” for the generation of new viruses.
There is no evidence of influenza virus transmitted from birds directly to humans.
One existing anti-influenza virus drug inhibits the influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) protein impairing the virus release from the cell surface.
Close proximity of humans and animals in farms and markets enhances the probability of new influenza viruses to emerge.
There is no evidence of influenza virus transmitted from birds directly to humans
Paramyxoviruses (ex. Canine Distemper Virus) and Orthomyxoviruses (ex. Influenza A Virus) have the following similarities:
Both have single strand positive sense genomes
Both use sialic acid as receptors
Both replicate in the nucleus
Both are resistant to mutations
All of the above
Both use sialic acid as receptors
A group of chickens from a farm in the US show signs of depression, wing drooping, abnormal head and neck position, and loss of appetite. The chickens are likely infected with:
Equine influenza virus
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)
Canine Distemper Virus
Newcastle Disease Virus
Rinderpest Virus
Newcastle Disease Virus
The treatment triad for rabies in humans includes:
RabOral, Human Diploid Cell Vaccine (HDCV), and Human Rabies Immune Globulin (HRIG)
HDCV, antibiotics, and RabOral
Anti-venom, HRIG, and antibiotics
First-aid, HDCV, and HRIG
HDCV, anti-toxin, and RabOral
First-aid, HDCV, and HRIG
Which of the following is TRUE for rabies virus?
The viral polymerase proteins are structural components of the virion particle.
The first step for this positive-sense RNA virus is translation.
The rabies virus genome integrates into the host chromosome as a provirus.
After amplification in the muscle tissue, the virus travels to the CNS via the hematogenous route.
The virion particle has a classic long filamentous, thread-like morphology.
The viral polymerase proteins are structural components of the virion particle.
I am endemic worldwide, present in all secretions, and weaken the immune system of infected hosts. I am:
FMDV
FeLV
Rabies Virus
EEE
Reoviruses
FeLV
Which of the following is TRUE for retroviruses?
Retroviruses that encode Gag, Pol, and Env are considered replication defective.
The reverse transcriptase enzyme has only one function
Retroviruses are always transmitted horizontally
The integrated DNA form of the retroviral genome is a called a provirus
Slowly transforming retroviruses typically possess a v-onc gene
The integrated DNA form of the retroviral genome is a called a provirus
In general, Lentiviruses/retorvirus:
Cause transient, acute disease.
Rapidly transform cells and cause tumors.
Are easily and efficiently transmitted.
Cause immunodeficiency and lifelong infections.
Are always replication defective.
Cause immunodeficiency and lifelong infections.
Which of the following is unique to the Retrovirus family?
The only positive-sense RNA virus whose genome does not serve as mRNA immediately after infection.
The only virus family to have a diploid RNA genome.
The only virus family to integrate its genome as a DNA provirus.
The only virus family to encode reverse transcriptase and copy RNA to DNA.
All of the above
All of the above
After doing a biopsy of a diseased fish, you observe the presence of large granulomas in the head kidney and/or spleen of the fish. Which pathogen is most likely inducing these granulomas?
Renibacterium salmonimarum
Are there any commercially available vaccines being used against Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus (VHSV)?
No, there are DNA vaccines, but they are not currently allowed in the USA
Which pathogen causes enteric septicemia of catfish? Are there vaccines available against this disease?
Edwarsiella ictalui. Yes.
Which pathogen causes enteric red mouth disease? Is there a vaccine preventing this disease?
Yersinia ruckeri. There is a vaccine that induces cell-mediated immunity.
During the biopsy of a diseased rainbow trout you observe the presence of granulomas in its head kidney and spleen. Which of the following pathogens is likely to induce these granulomas?
Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus
A fungus (Aphanomyces)
Aeromonas salmonicida
Renibacterium salmoninarum
Vibrio anguillarum
Renibacterium salmoninarum
Which of the following causes catfish enteric septicemia?
Edwardsiella ictaluri
Yersinia ruckeri
Aeromonas salmonicida
Flavobacterium columnaris
Entericcus postmortem
Edwardsiella ictaluri
Furunculosis is a disease that:
Is caused Renibacterium salmoninarum, a pathogen that induces granulomatous lesions
Is caused by Aphanomyces, and only affects immunosuppressed fish
Is caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri, an intracellular bacterium
Is caused by Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus, a pathogen that kills young fish
Is caused by Aeromonas salmonicida, a pathogen that releases harmful extracellular products
Is caused by Aeromonas salmonicida, a pathogen that releases harmful extracellular products
Name 1 of the 3 countries involved in the 2014 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa.
Sierra leone, Guinea or Liberia
What is ZMapp and how is it manufactured?
Cocktail of 3 human monoclonal antibodies against the GP of Ebola virus. Zmapp is produced in tobacco plants.
The most common respiratory pathogen in COLONY CATS is:
feline calici
Which of the following is FALSE?
Shipping Fever is a respiratory disease of bovines caused by multiple etiologies.
Kennel Cough is always induced by canine influenza virus.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is considered one of the important swine diseases in the US.
Once a cat is infected with feline herpesvirus, it is infected for life.
Feline Calicivirus is a common respiratory tract infection of colony cats.
Kennel Cough is always induced by canine influenza virus.
Which of the following is FALSE?
Respiratory viruses are mostly transmitted by inhalation of aerosolized pathogens.
Overcrowding promotes the transmission of respiratory pathogens.
Direct contract with the infected patient and contact with contaminated objects are not potential routes of transmission of respiratory pathogens.
Environmental factors such as temperature and humidity affect the transmission of respiratory pathogens.
Dry honking cough may indicate upper respiratory tract infection.
Direct contract with the infected patient and contact with contaminated objects are not potential routes of transmission of respiratory pathogens.
the diversity of a single microbial sample (i.e. one site on the skin) is called —-diversity.
ALPHA
A comparison if diversity between 2 sites (i.e. skin vs gut) which reflects the number of species shared between these 2 sites is called —-diversity.
BETA-
The unit of measurement for microbiome studies isn’t really a species per se, but rather is called an —-(3 words) which is defined as a group of sequences with greater than or equal to 97% identity.
OPERATIONAL TAXONOMIC UNIT
