Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 364 > Temperature 3 > Flashcards

Temperature 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of ‘special’ endothermy (2)

A
  • temporal endothermy
  • regional endothermy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

temporal endothermy

A
  • changes in body temperatures over time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

regional endothermy

A
  • body temperature varies in regions of the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

temporal endothermy: example

A
  • hibernating animals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

regional endothermy: examples (2)

A
  • billfish use heater organs near eyes
  • tunas and sharks retain heat in red muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the purpose of localized warming of skeletal muscle (2)

A
  • used for sustained locomotion
  • leads to faster contraction frequencies and more forceful contractions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

white muscle function

A
  • used for bursts of locomotion used every so often
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

red muscle function

A
  • used for sustained locomotion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where is the red muscle located in fish without regional endothermy and what are the implications (2)

A

-red muscle located externally along the body wall
- leads to muscle being cooled by external passing water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where is red muscle located in fish with regional endothermy and what are the implications (2)

A
  • red muscle is internalized and insulated by white muscle
  • heat is better controlled and protected from heat loss by passing water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what contributes to the elevated red muscle endothermy of tuna an sharks (2)

A
  • heat produced in the muscle is retained there due to internalization and insulation
  • rete mirabile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

rete mirabile (2)

A
  • extensive countercurrent arrangement of arterioles and venules
  • transmits heat from venous to arterial blood to retain heat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

in the rete mirabile arrangement, which vessels get warmed/cooled (2)

A
  • the venous blood is cooled by incoming arterial blood
  • the arterial blood is warmed by exiting venous blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what do we know about tuna red muscle that alludes to their ability to practice regional endothermy

A
  • red muscle is always warmer than ambient temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do we know about tuna red muscle that alludes to their ability to actively regulate their temperature (2)

A
  • red muscle warms faster than it cools
  • if rates were the same, the muscle would simply be a conductor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what determines the control of temperature and rate of muscle warming/cooling in tune

A
  • the rete mirabile system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how might warm muscles affect oxygen unloading in humans (2)

A
  • right shift of the OEC, stabilization of the T state and increase in P50
  • would result in enhanced O2 unloading in humans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how might warm muscles affect oxygen unloading in fish (2)

A
  • fish Hb are not temperature sensitive, so it has no effect
  • may be beneficial to protect the fish from excessive O2 unloading
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what cells are the heater tissue of billfish eyes composed of

A
  • modified, non-contractile muscle cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the mechanism used to create heat in heater tissue cells (3)

A
  • T-tubule activates Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytoplasm
  • stimulates ATP-consuming metabolic processes
  • mitochondria produce more ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what mechanism is used to retain heat in the heater organ

A
  • carotid rete system (countercurrent exchange) localizes heat to eyes and brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how does cranial temperature change during dives in billfish

A
  • cranial change stays relatively constant even though water temperature drops
23
Q

why do billfish have a heater organs near their eye/brain (2)

A
  • allows them to see better (higher Q10)
  • makes them better predators, especially against pray at lower depths where it is colder
24
Q

what terms are used to describe the thermal zones/limits in homeotherms (3)

A
  • thermoneutral zone
  • upper critical temperature (UCT)
  • lower critical temperature (LCT)
25
Q

homeotherms: thermoneutral zone (2)

A
  • range of temperature optimal for physiological processes
  • metabolic rate is minimal in this range
26
Q

homeotherms: upper critical temperature (2)

A
  • metabolic rate increases as animal induces a physiological response to prevent overheating
  • upper limit of the thermoneutral zone
27
Q

homeotherms: lower critical temperature (2)

A
  • metabolic rate increases to increase heat production
  • lower limit of the thermoneutral zone
28
Q

homeotherms: what occurs outside of the LCT (2)

A
  • metabolic rate increases for thermogenesis
  • onset of hypothermia occurs when animal can no longer maintain homeostasis of body temperature
29
Q

homeotherms: what occurs outside of the UCT (2)

A
  • metabolic rate increases for active cooling
  • onset of hyperthermia occurs when animal can no longer maintain homeostasis of body temperature
30
Q

what terms are used to describe the thermal zones/limits in poikilotherms (3)

A
  • preferred temperature
  • incipient lethal temperature
  • range of tolerance
31
Q

poikilotherms: preferred temperature

A
  • ambient temperature for optimal physiological function
32
Q

poikilotherms: incipient lethal temperature (2)

A
  • ambient temperature at which 50% of animals die
  • animals have an incipient upper lethal temperature (IULT) and an incipient lower lethal temperature (ILLT)
33
Q

poikilotherms: range of tolerance

A
  • range of ambient temperatures between the IULT and the ILLT
34
Q

what terms describe the thermal tolerance of animals (2)

A
  • eurytherm
  • stenotherm
35
Q

eurytherm

A
  • can tolerate a wide range of ambient temperatures
36
Q

stenotherm

A
  • can tolerate only a narrow range of ambient temperatures
37
Q

eurytherms vs stenotherms: thermal niches

A
  • eurytherms can occupy a greater number of thermal niches than stenotherms
38
Q

thermal tolerance: aerobic scope (3)

A
  • represents the energy available for any activity above resting
  • changes depending on the temperature
  • aerobic scope = maximal metabolic rate - resting metabolic rate
39
Q

thermal tolerance: Topt

A
  • temperature where the maximum aerobic scope occurs
40
Q

thermal tolerance: Tcrit

A
  • temperature where there is no aerobic scope (animal is dead at these temperatures)
41
Q

what holds membrane lipids together

A
  • Van der Waal’s forces
42
Q

how are membranes affected by temperature

A
  • membrane fluidity is affected by temperature
43
Q

membrane fluidity: low temperatures

A
  • membrane lipids solidify, decreasing membrane fluidity
44
Q

membrane fluidity: high temperatures

A
  • increase memebrane fluidity
45
Q

what do changes in membrane fluidity affect (2)

A
  • affect protein movement
  • increased membrane fluidity results in increased protein movement
46
Q

how do membrane fluidities change in animals living in different temperatures with different body temperatures

A
  • membrane fluidity is maintained relatively constant across animals at their respective body temperatures
47
Q

what term is used to describe how animals can maintain membrane fluidity at different temperatures

A
  • homeoviscious adaptation
48
Q

homeoviscous adaptation

A
  • maintain membrane fluidity at different temperatures by changing composition of membrane lipids
49
Q

what is the mechanisms of homeoviscous adaptation (4)

A
  • fatty acid chain length
  • saturation
  • phospholipid classes
  • cholesterol content
50
Q

homeoviscous adaptation: fatty acid chain length

A
  • shorter chains increase fluidity because of reduced interactions with neighbouring fatty acids
51
Q

homeoviscous adaptation: saturation

A
  • more double bonds (unsaturation) increase fluidity due to their introduction of kinks into the tail of the phospholipids
52
Q

homeoviscous adaptation: phospholipid classes (3)

A
  • phosphatidylcholine (PC): decrease fluidity
  • phosphatidyethanlamine (PE): increase fluidity
  • involves change in the phospholipid head group
53
Q

homeoviscous adaptation: cholesterol content

A
  • higher cholesterol content prevents solidifying when membrane is cooled
54
Q

membrane remodeling (2)

A
  • used to achieve homeoviscous adaptation
  • describes the rapid modulation of membrane fluidity by decreasing saturation in existing phospholipids, or by synthesizing new phospholipids and inserting them into the membrane while taking unwanted phospholipids out

BIOL 364 (44 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions