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BIOL 364 > Ion and Water Balance 4: Mammalian Kidneys > Flashcards

Ion and Water Balance 4: Mammalian Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

what are vertebrate kidneys’ roles in homeostasis (6)

A
  • ion balance
  • osmotic balance
  • blood pressure
  • pH balance
  • excretion of metabolic wastes and toxins
  • hormone production
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2
Q

kidney structure: layers (2)

A
  • outer cortex: renal cortex
  • inner medulla: renal medulla
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3
Q

how would liquids move through the kidney (5)

A
  • renal cortex and renal medulla through the renal pyramid
  • renal papilla
  • minor calyx
  • major calyx
  • renal pelvis
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4
Q

how does urine leave the kidneys (3)

A
  • exits via the ureter
  • empties into the urinary bladder
  • urine leaves urinary bladder through the urethra
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5
Q

nephron (2)

A
  • functional unit of the kidney
  • millions contained in a mammalian kidney
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6
Q

nephron general composition (2)

A
  • renal tubule
  • vasculature
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7
Q

nephron: renal tubule (2)

A
  • lined with transport epithelium
  • various segments with specific transport functions
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8
Q

nephron: vasculature (2)

A
  • glomerulus
  • capillary beds surrounding renal tubule for blood supply
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9
Q

glomerulus

A
  • ball of capillaries where filtrate/urine is produced
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10
Q

what is the glomerulus surrounded by

A
  • Bowman’s capsule
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11
Q

how do fluids travel through the nephron (6)

A
  1. glomerulus
  2. Bowman’s capsule
  3. proximal tubule
  4. loop of Henle
  5. distal tubule
  6. collecting duct
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12
Q

what four processes are involved in urine production (4)

A
  • filtration
  • reabsorption
  • secretion
  • excretion
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13
Q

urine production: filtration

A
  • filtrate of blood formed at glomerulus
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14
Q

urine production: reabsorption

A
  • specific molecules in filtrate removed (water, ions, etc)
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15
Q

urine production: secretion

A
  • specific molecules added to the filtrate (toxins, etc)
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16
Q

urine production: excretion

A
  • urine is excreted from the body
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17
Q

urine production: where does filtration occur

A
  • from the glomerulus to the Bowman’s capsule
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18
Q

urine production: where does reabsorption occur (5)

A
  • proximal tubule
  • descending loop of Henle
  • ascending loop of Henle
  • distal tubule
  • collecting duct
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19
Q

urine production: where does secretion occur (3)

A
  • proximal tubule
  • distal tubule
  • collecting duct
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20
Q

urine production: where does secretion occur

A
  • from the end of the collecting duct into the external environment
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21
Q

what components of the blood are filtered into the Bowman’s capsule (2)

A
  • water
  • small solutes
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22
Q

what components of the blood are not filtered into the Bowman’s capsule (2)

A
  • blood cells
  • large macromolecules
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23
Q

glomerular capillary structures/features (3)

A
  • capillaries are leaky
  • podocytes with foot processes form filtration structure
  • mesangial cells pack between the capillaries
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24
Q

podocytes with foot processes

A
  • provide framework to support the capillaries during filtration
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25
Q

mesangial cells

A
  • control blood pressure and filtration within glomerulus
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26
Q

mesangial cell constriction

A
  • decrease filtrate production
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27
Q

mesangial cell dilation

A
  • increase filtrate production
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28
Q

what is the glomerular filtration rate affected by

A
  • blood pressure
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29
Q

what affects the blood pressure in the glomerulus (3)

A
  • glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
  • oncotic pressure
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30
Q

oncotic pressure

A
  • osmotic pressure due to protein concentration
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31
Q

direction of pressure in glomerulus: glomerular hydrostatic pressure

A
  • toward the Bowman’s capsule lumen
32
Q

direction of pressure in glomerulus: Bowman’s hydrostatic pressure

A
  • toward the glomerulus
33
Q

direction of pressure in glomerulus: oncotic pressure

A
  • toward the glomerulus
34
Q

primary urine

A
  • initial filtrate filtered in Bowman’s capsule that is isoosmotic to the blood
35
Q

reabsorption: primary urine

A
  • most water and salt in primary urine reabsorbed using transport proteins and energy
36
Q

rate of reabsorption limit

A
  • limited by number of transporters
37
Q

renal threshold

A
  • concentration of specific solute that will overwhelm reabsorptive capacity
38
Q

how are transporters distributed in the nephron

A
  • each zone of the nephron has transporters for specific solutes
39
Q

reabsorption: how does kidney filtrate modified through the nephron (3)

A
  • 20% of the plasma volume entering the glomerulus is deposited into the Bowman’s capsule
  • over 19% is reabsorbed
  • less then 1% is excreted
40
Q

reabsorption: glucose (2)

A
  • reabsorbed by secondary transport and taken up by the blood
  • Na+/K+ ATPase creates negative potential to drive Na+/glucose co-transporter
41
Q

reabsorption: Na+ and Cl-

A
  • primary and secondary active transport
42
Q

passive reabsorption: osmosis (2)

A
  • as Na+, Cl-, and other solutes are reabsorbed actively, the extracellular fluid (EF) is more concentrated than fluid in lumen
  • causes water to move out of the lumen to higher osmolarity
43
Q

passive reabsorption: passive diffusion (2)

A
  • as water leaves by osmosis, other substances (urea) becomes more concentrated in lumen
  • substances by out of lumen by passive diffusion down its concentration gradient
44
Q

what kind of molecules are moved during secretion (5)

A
  • K+
  • NH4+
  • H+
  • pharmaceuticals
  • water-soluble vitamins
45
Q

what is required for secretion (2)

A
  • transport proteins
  • energy
46
Q

proximal tubule specialization

A
  • most solute and water reabsorption
47
Q

distal tubule specialization

A
  • reabsorption completed for most solutes here
48
Q

collecting duct specialization (2)

A
  • drains multiple nephrons
  • carries urine to renal pelvis
49
Q

what accounts for the differences in transport and permeability in tubule regions of the nephron

A
  • differences in epithelium along the tubule
50
Q

proximal tubule epithelium (2)

A
  • long microvilli extend into lumen
  • tight junctions between cells
51
Q

loop of Henle descending limb epithelium (2)

A
  • lack tight junctions between cells
  • lack microvilli
52
Q

loop of Henle ascending limb epithelium (2)

A
  • microvilli extend toward the basolamina
  • tight junctions between cells
53
Q

collecting duct epithelium (2)

A
  • contains principal and intercalated cells
  • tight junctions between cells
54
Q

how is reabsorption conducted in the proximal tubule (2)

A
  • many solute reabsorbed by Na+ cotransport
  • water follows by osmosis
55
Q

what is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule (11)

A
  • Na+
  • Cl-
  • K+
  • Ca2+
  • HCO3-
  • water
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • vitamins
  • urea
  • choline
56
Q

what is secreted in the proximal tubule (4)

A
  • H+
  • NH4+
  • toxins
  • drugs
57
Q

what is reabsorbed in the descending limb

A
  • water
58
Q

what is reabsorbed in the ascending limb (6)

A
  • Na+
  • Cl-
  • K+
  • Mg2+
  • Ca2+
  • NH4+
59
Q

what is reabsorbed in the distal tubule (4)

A
  • Ca2+
  • Na+
  • Cl-
  • water
60
Q

what is secreted in the distal tubule (2)

A
  • H+
  • K+
61
Q

what is reabsorbed in the collecting duct (8)

A
  • Na+
  • Cl-
  • K+
  • Ca2+
  • HCO3-
  • H+
  • urea
  • water
62
Q

what is secreted in the collecting duct (3)

A
  • K+
  • H+
  • NH4+
63
Q

what occurs in the descending limb of the loop of Henle (3)

A
  • water is reabsorbed
  • volume of primary urine decreases
  • primary urine becomes more concentrated
64
Q

what occurs in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle (3)

A
  • no water movement, impermeable to water
  • ions are reabsorbed
  • primary urine becomes dilute
65
Q

how does the osmotic gradient change after the loop of Henle (2)

A
  • reabsorbed ions accumulate in interstitial fluid
  • osmotic gradient created in the medulla
66
Q

nephron countercurrent multipliers: structures (2)

A
  • loop of Henle
  • collecting duct
67
Q

countercurrent multiplier function

A
  • create osmotic gradients that facilitate transport processes
68
Q

how is the gradient of the renal medulla maintained

A
  • vena cava capillaries
69
Q

what does the osmotic concentration of the final urine depend on

A
  • permeability (aquaporins) of the distal tubule and collecting duct, which can be regulated
70
Q

what urine will result from impermeable distal tubule and collecting duct

A
  • dilute urine due to low water reabsorption
71
Q

what urine will results from permeable distal tubule and collecting duct

A
  • concentrated urine due to high water reabsorption
72
Q

mechanism for concentrating urine (4)

A
  1. ascending limb of loop of Henle actively pumps Na+ out of tubule lumen
  2. Cl- and K+ follow
  3. causes increased ion concentration in interstitial fluid of medulla
  4. water moves passively out of the descending limb by osmosis
73
Q

how does the vasa recta function with the loop of Henle (6)

A
  1. ions pumped out of ascending loop (↑osmotic pressure outside, ↓OP inside)
  2. water flows out of descending tubule by osmosis (↑OP in descending tubule, becoming more [ ])
  3. blood entering vasa recta is isoosmotic with the cortex
  4. as blood moves deeper into medulla, it loses water and picks up ions from interstitial fluid (↑osmolarity)
  5. when blood of vasa recta flows back toward cortex, high plasma osmolarity attracts water being lost from descending limb, ↓osmolarity of the blood
74
Q

what occurs in longer loop of Henle (2)

A
  • medulla gradient is larger
  • more water reabsorption is achieved, helping with water conservation
75
Q

excretion process (3)

A
  • urine leaves kidneys and enters urinary bladder via ureters
  • urine temporarily stored in the bladder
  • urine leaves bladder via urethra
76
Q

what controls urine flow from the bladder

A
  • sphincters of smooth muscle
77
Q

what controls the sphincters opening/closing at the urethra (2)

A
  • spinal cord reflex arc
  • can be influences by voluntary controls

BIOL 364 (44 decks)

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