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BIOL 364 > Respiration: Animal Models > Flashcards

Respiration: Animal Models Flashcards

1
Q

ventilation: sponges and cnidarians (2)

A
  • circulate external medium through an internal cavity
  • gases diffuse directing in and out of cells
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2
Q

circulation of medium: sponges

A
  • flagella move water in through ostia and out through osculum
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3
Q

circulation of medium: cnidarians

A
  • muscle contractions move water in and out through the mouth
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4
Q

ventilation: echinoderms (2)

A
  • sea cucumbers pump water tidally via the anus
  • use muscular contractions of cloaca and the respiratory tree
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5
Q

ventilation: molluscs (2)

A
  • cephalopods use countercurrent flow
  • muscular contractions of mantle propel water unidirectionally past the gills in the mantle cavity
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6
Q

ventilation: jawless fishes/agnathans

A
  • lamprey and hagfish have multiple pairs of gill sacs
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7
Q

ventilation: hagfish jawless fish (3)

A
  • uses muscular pump to propel water through respiratory cavity
  • water enters mouth and leaves through gill opening
  • flow is unidirectional and countercurrent
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8
Q

ventilation: lamprey jawless fish (3)

A
  • when not feeding, ventilation is similar to the hagfish
  • when feeding, mouth is attached to prey and cannot intake water
  • ventilation is tidal through gill openings when feeding
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9
Q

ventilation: elasmobranchs (sharks)

A
  • blood flow is unidirectional and countercurrent
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10
Q

elasmobranch ventilation steps (4)

A
  • expand buccal cavity
  • draws water into buccal cavity via mouth and spiracles
  • mouth and spiracles close
  • muscles around buccal cavity contract, forcing water past gills and out the gill slits
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11
Q

ventilation: teleost (bony) fishes steps (4)

A
  • mouth open and opercular valve closed, buccal cavity expanded and opercular cavity expands
  • mouth and opercular valve closed, buccal cavity compressed and opercular cavity expanded
  • mouth closed, opercular valve open, buccal cavity compressed and opercular cavity compressing
  • mouth and opercular valve open, buccal cavity expands and opercular cavity compressed
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12
Q

ram ventilation (3)

A
  • used by active fish
  • swimming with mouth open, so swimming musculature results in unidirectional water flow over gills
  • energetically efficient as no ventilation muscles are required
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13
Q

major animal lineages colonizing terrestrial habitats (2)

A
  • arthropods
  • vertebrates
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14
Q

vertebrates (4)

A
  • amphibians
  • reptiles
  • birds
  • mammals
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15
Q

arthropods (2)

A
  • crustaceans
  • insects
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16
Q

ventilation: crustaceans (3)

A
  • respiratory structures and ventilation are similar to marine relatives
  • gills are stiff so they don’t collapse/stick together
  • branchial cavity is highly vascularized and is primary site of gas exchange
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17
Q

ventilation: insects (3)

A
  • extensive tracheal system that is similar to human circulatory system
  • gases diffuse over very small distances, which is achievable due to small body size
  • contraction of abdominal muscles/movements in thorax lead to expansion/contraction of tracheae
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18
Q

insect tracheal system (3)

A
  • air-filled tubes called tracheae
  • system open to outside via spiracles
  • tracheae branch to form tracheoles which penetrate the cells throughout the body
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19
Q

disadvantage of tracheal system in insects (2)

A
  • takes up enormous amount of space in body
  • does not leave space for a lot of other tissues
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20
Q

insect air flow (2)

A
  • tidal: air flows in and out of same spiracles
  • unidirectional: air enters anterior spiracles, flows through tracheae, and exits abdominal spiracles
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21
Q

insects: discontinuous gas exchange (2)

A
  • phenomenon where gas exchange is discontinuous (only 2 “bouts” of ventilation in 60 min)
  • adaptive value is unknown
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22
Q

what medium do aquatic insects use to ventilate (2)

A
  • breathe air
  • evolution of multiple solutions for air breathing aquatic insects
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23
Q

ventilation: mosquito larvae (2)

A
  • use snorkel-like mechanism to maintain air-filled trachea
  • don’t use H20 because it has low O2 content and viscosity is too high to move through fragile/thin tracheal system
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24
Q

ventilation: water beetles (3)

A
  • carry “scuba tank” air bubbles to breathe from during diving
  • O2 diffuses in and out of bubble, N2 and CO2 diffuse out
  • PO2 and PN2 remain constant in water (incompressible); however, their levels change inside the bubble
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25
Q

water beetle ventilation: start of descent (3)

A
  • PO2 decreases due to O2 consumption by the beetle, O2 enters from water
  • PN2 increase as bubble volume decreases due to O2 consumption, N2 exits into water
  • CO2 leaves bubble
26
Q

water beetle ventilation: arrival at 1m depth (3)

A
  • PO2 is elevated due to decreased bubble volume, O2 exits into water
  • PN2 is elevated due to decreased bubble volume, N2 exits into water
  • CO2 exits into water
27
Q

water beetle ventilation: later at 1m depth (3)

A
  • PO2 is decreased from bus O2 consumption, so O2 enters bubble
  • PN2 is elevated due to decreased bubble volume, N2 exits into water
  • CO2 exits into water
28
Q

water beetle ventilation: advantage

A
  • breathing from bubble can provide 7x O2 content of initial bubble as O2 diffuses in from the water
29
Q

water beetle ventilation: potential disadvantage (2)

A
  • smaller bubbles results in less buoyancy and sinking
  • beetle must balance between buoyancy and respiration
30
Q

why has air breathing likely evolved so many times independently

A
  • likely in response to periods of aquatic hypoxia
31
Q

what types of respiratory structures have developed in air breathing fish (5)

A
  • reinforced gills that do not collapse in air
  • highly vascularized mouth/pharyngeal cavity
  • highly vascularized stomach/intestine
  • specialized pockets of the gut
  • lungs
32
Q

what is air breathing in fish characterized by (2)

A
  • ventilation of air breathing organ is usually tidal
  • uses buccal force similar to other fish
33
Q

air breathing fish: where does the majority of O2 uptake occur

A
  • across the air breathing organ
34
Q

air breathing fish: where does the majority of CO2 excretion occur

A
  • across the gills
35
Q

air breathing fish: heart structure (2)

A
  • possess partial separation of blood flow within heart
  • first step towards completely divided hear
36
Q

air breathing fish: blood flow through heart (2)

A
  • deoxygenated blood passes through gills
  • oxygenated blood coming back from the lung passes through non-functional gill arches
37
Q

air breathing fish: why does oxygenated blood pass through non-functional gill arches (2)

A
  • excrete oxygen for larvae
  • conserve oxygenated blood
38
Q

how do lungfish prevent O2 loss across the gills when air-breathing in hypoxic water

A
  • reduce their gill surface area
39
Q

ventilation: amphibians (2)

A
  • tidal ventilation
  • use of a buccal force pump
40
Q

amphibians: respiratory structures (3)

A
  • cutaneous respiration
  • external gills
  • simple, bilobed lungs
41
Q
A
  • tidal ventilation
  • two phases: inspiration and expiration
  • separation of feeding and respiratory muscles
  • several mechanism change the volume of the chest cavity
42
Q

reptile: tidal ventilation (2)

A
  • generally relies on suction pumps to create negative pressure for aspiration
  • differs from fish and amphibians that rely on buccal pumps, although the buccal pump may act as a supplement
43
Q

ventilation: birds (3)

A
  • blood flow is crosscurrent
  • unidirectional flow using lungs and air sacs
  • gas exchange occurs as air flows through parabronchi in lungs
44
Q

bird ventilation: lungs (3)

A
  • stiff and change little in volume
  • located between series of air sacs that act as bellows
  • posterior and anterior air sacs that drive movement through lungs
45
Q

bird ventilation: first inhale (2)

A
  • air sacs expand
  • air enters mouth/nares, trachea, and into the posterior air sacs
46
Q

bird ventilation: first exhale (2)

A
  • air sacs compress
  • air leaves posterior air sacs and enters lung tissue/parabronchi
47
Q

bird ventilation: second inhale (2)

A
  • air sacs expand
  • air leaves lung tissue and enters the anterior air sacs
48
Q

bird ventilation: second exhale (2)

A
  • air sacs compress
  • air leaves anterior air sacs, and exits through the trachea and mouth
49
Q

ventilation: mammals (3)

A
  • two main respiratory system parts: upper and lower respiratory tract
  • alveoli are the site of gas exchange
  • tidal ventilation
50
Q

mammal ventilation: upper respiratory tract (4)

A
  • mouth
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • trachea
51
Q

mammal ventilation: lower respiratory tract (2)

A
  • bronchi
  • gas exchange surfaces (alveoli)
52
Q

mammal ventilation: alveoli
- types (2)
- general characteristic

A
  • type I alveolar cells have a thin wall
  • type II surfactant cells secrete fluid
  • outer surface of alveoli are covered in capillaries
53
Q

mammal ventilation: how does blood enter and leave the lungs (2)

A
  • enters through the pulmonary artery
  • leaves through the pulmonary vein
54
Q

mammal ventilation: pleural sac
- location
- structure
- contents
- pressure

A
  • each lung surrounded by pleural sac
  • consists of two layers of cells with a small space, the pleural cavity, between them
  • contains small volume of pleural fluid (incompressible)
  • intrapleural sac pressure is sub-atmospheric (negative pressure)
55
Q

mammal ventilation: pleural sac
- function (2)

A
  • transmits chest wall forces evenly across the lungs
  • negative pressure keeps lungs expanded, due to elastic pull of lungs or of the chest wall
56
Q

mammal ventilation: lung puncture (3)

A
  • air enters intrapleural space
  • chest wall can still expand, but it cannot pull lung to expand
  • lung collapses to unstretched size and is non-functional
57
Q

mammal ventilation: inspiration muscles (3)

A
  • motor neurons stimulate inspiratory muscles
  • contraction of external intercostals and diaphragm
  • ribs move outwards and the diaphragm moves downward
58
Q

mammal ventilation: inspiration (3)

A
  • volume of thorax increases, intrathoracic pressure decreases
  • transpulmonary pressure gradient increases
  • lungs expand and air is pulled in
59
Q

mammal ventilation: exhalation muscles (3)

A
  • nerve stimulation of inspiratory muscles stop
  • muscles relax
  • ribs and diaphragm return to original positions
60
Q

mammal ventilation: exhalation (2)

A
  • volume of thorax decreases, intrathoracic pressure increases
  • passive recoil of the lungs pushes air out
61
Q

mammal ventilation: exhalation during rapid, heavy breathing

A
  • forced exhalation is by contraction of the internal intercostal muscles

BIOL 364 (44 decks)

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