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BIOL 364 > Temperature 2: Sturgeon & Climate Change > Flashcards

Temperature 2: Sturgeon & Climate Change Flashcards

1
Q

what is the degree to which temperature can vary spatially (3)

A
  • across earth
  • across ecosystems
  • locally
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2
Q

what is the degree to which temperature can vary temporally (3)

A
  • seasonal
  • diurnal (day -> night)
  • tidal
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3
Q

what levels does temperature affect biological organization (6)

A
  • cell
  • tissue
  • organ
  • organism
  • population
  • ecosystems
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4
Q

how is climate change affecting temperature (4)

A
  • increasing the average global temperature
  • less cold weathers
  • more hot weathers
  • new extreme hot weather experienced
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5
Q

what aquatic environmental factors do climate warming affect (3)

A
  • decrease pH of water
  • change salinity
  • decreases O2 levels (hypoxia)
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6
Q

how does increasing temperatures lead to hypoxia in aquatic environments (3)

A
  • decreased O2 solubility
  • mixing of waters
  • eutrophication leads to changing metabolic activities
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7
Q

what aspects of fish are altered in warming temperatures and aquatic hypoxia (5)

A
  • cardiovascular function
  • tolerance to stressors in general
  • energy supply and demand
  • growth and performance
  • muscle contraction
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8
Q

how does warming affect the rates of biological reactions

A
  • increases the rates of biological reactions
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9
Q

how does increased biological rate affect fish

A
  • increases aerobic metabolism demand, increasing the metabolism rate
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10
Q

how does increased aerobic metabolism affect fish

A
  • necessitates an increase in O2 supply to maintain energetic balance
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11
Q

how does warming affect available aquatic O2

A
  • decreases available O2
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12
Q

why is warming so detrimental for fish (3)

A
  • the warming necessitates an increase in oxygen supply and consumption
  • warming also decreases available oxygen
  • combination of both stressors will lead to loss of equilibrium and death
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13
Q

how will fishes cope with changing climate (3)

A
  • leave, if possible
  • acclimate
  • die
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14
Q

acclimation (3)

A
  • process where individual organisms adjust to a change in its environment across relatively short time periods
  • generally considered reversible
  • a type of plasticity
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15
Q

why is acclimation considered to be reversible

A
  • phenotype will revert to its original state if environment returns to its original condition
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16
Q

at what levels does acclimatization occur (4)

A
  • cell
  • tissue
  • organ
  • organism
17
Q

plasticity

A
  • when the same genotype produces various phenotypes when exposed to different environments
18
Q

when fish acclimate to warmer temperatures, what happens to their upper thermal tolerance

A
  • upper thermal tolerance typically increases
19
Q

when fish acclimate to warmer temperatures, what happens to their hypoxia tolerance

A
  • hypoxia tolerance typically decreases, with the fish being able requiring higher levels of aquatic oxygen
20
Q

cross-tolerance (2)

A
  • phenomenon that occurs when mechanisms that are enhances to protect against one stressor also elicit protection against a second stressor
  • most fishes can’t do this
21
Q

what is an example of cross-tolerance

A
  • fish that can acclimate to higher temperatures can maintain the same level of hypoxia tolerance
22
Q

what is one of the largest threats to global biodiversity in regard to temperature

A
  • heat waves, as opposed to chronic temperature increases
23
Q

why are heatwaves such a large threat to global biodiversity (3)

A
  • heat waves are rapid
  • involve a magnitude of stressors
  • organisms have difficulty acclimating quickly enough
24
Q

how does upper thermal tolerance change during acute exposure to warm temperature

A
  • upper thermal tolerance won’t increase as there was not sufficient time to acclimate
25
Q

how does hypoxia tolerance change during acute exposure to warm temperatures

A
  • hypoxia tolerance is severely lowered as the fish will require more oxygen to deal with stressors
26
Q

what is the most endangered group of fishes on the planet

A
  • sturgeon
27
Q

how can we measure upper thermal tolerance (3)

A
  • critical thermal maximum (CTMax)
  • maximum is taken at the temperature when the fish begin to lose equilibrium/die
  • loss of oxygen capacity in the water is also applied as the temperature increases
28
Q

how can we measure hypoxia tolerance (2)

A
  • incipient lethal oxygen saturation (ILOS)
  • tolerance is taken at O2 water percentage when fish lose equilibrium or die
29
Q

upper thermal tolerance in sturgeon not acclimated to higher temperature

A
  • thermal tolerance was lowered in lower aquatic oxygen levels
30
Q

upper thermal tolerance in sturgeon acclimated to higher temperature (2)

A
  • thermal tolerance was higher than in non-acclimated sturgeon
  • thermal tolerance was not affected by lower aquatic oxygen levels; cross-tolerance
31
Q

hypoxia tolerance in sturgeon not acclimated to higher temperature

A
  • sturgeon were able to tolerate lower aquatic oxygen levels in lower temperatures
32
Q

hypoxia tolerance in sturgeon acclimated to higher temperature (2)

A
  • sturgeon were able to tolerate lower aquatic oxygen levels than in non-acclimated sturgeon at all temperature levels
  • hypoxia tolerance was less affected by temperature
33
Q

how does heatwave acclimation affect individual sturgeon (2)

A
  • increases whole organism plasticity
  • induces cross-tolerance
34
Q

what do increased plasticity and cross tolerance in an individual require (2)

A
  • active molecule and physiological changes
  • involve the organs, tissues, and cells
35
Q

how is increase plasticity and cross tolerance achieved at the cellular level (2)

A
  • increase in mRNA transcriptional plasticity
  • increase in DNA methylation plasticity to increase transcriptional availability

BIOL 364 (44 decks)

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