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BIOL 364 > Final: Circulation 1 > Flashcards

Final: Circulation 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what organisms lack circulatory systems (2)

A
  • unicellular organisms
  • small metazoans
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2
Q

what do organisms without a circulatory system rely on to transport molecules

A
  • diffusion, which can be rapid over small distances
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3
Q

how to large animals deal with limits to diffusion (2)

A
  • circulation
  • they move fluid through their bodies by bulk flow or convective transport
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4
Q

which organisms have a circulatory system

A
  • most metazoans larger than a few cells
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5
Q

what are the major functions of circulatory systems (6)

A

transport:
- oxygen
- carbon dioxide
- nutrients
- waste products
- immune cells
- signalling molecules

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6
Q

how do circulatory systems move fluids

A
  • by increasing pressure of the fluid in one part of the body
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7
Q

describe the flow of fluid through the body in terms of pressure

A
  • flows “down” the pressure gradient
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8
Q

what are the three main components needed for a circulatory system (3)

A
  • pump or propulsive structures to create high pressure
  • system of tubes, channels, or spaces
  • fluid that circulates through the system
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9
Q

types of pumps (3)

A
  • chambered hearts
  • skeletal muscle
  • pulsating blood vessels
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10
Q

pumps: chambered hearts (2)

A
  • contractile chambers
  • blood enters atrium, and is pumped out by ventricles
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11
Q

pumps: skeletal muscle

A
  • squeeze on vessels to generate pressure
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12
Q

pumps: pulsating blood vessels

A
  • peristalsis; rhythmic contractions of vessel wall pumps blood
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13
Q

how does the circulatory system prevent back flow

A
  • one-way valves help to ensure unidirectional flow
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14
Q

types of fluid (4)

A
  • blood
  • hemolymph
  • interstitial fluid
  • lymph
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15
Q

fluids: blood

A
  • fluid that circulates within the vessels of a closed circulatory system
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16
Q

fluids: hemolymph

A
  • fluid that circulates in an open circulatory system
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17
Q

fluids: interstitial fluid (2)

A
  • extracellular fluid that directly bathes the tissues and exists between cells
  • similar composition to plasma
18
Q

fluids: lymph (2)

A
  • fluid that circulates in the lymphatic system
  • fluid that has filtered out of the vessels
19
Q

lymphatic system (2)

A
  • secondary circulatory system of vertebrates
  • carries lymph that has filtered out of the vessels
20
Q

open circulatory system (3)

A
  • circulatory fluid comes in direct contact with the tissues in sinuses (open spaces)
  • circulatory fluid mixes with interstitial fluid
  • no control on how fluid returns to the hearts
21
Q

closed circulatory system (3)

A
  • circulating fluid remains within vessels and does not come in direct contact with the tissues
  • circulating fluid is distinct from interstitial fluid
  • molecules must diffuse across vessel wall
22
Q

multicellular animals that lack circulatory systems (3)

A
  • sponges
  • cnidarians
  • flatworms
23
Q

why do sponges, cnidarians and flatworms lack circulatory system

A
  • they have mechanisms for propelling fluids around their body
24
Q

what mechanisms do sponges and flatworms have to makeup for their lack in circulatory system

A
  • ciliated cells move water within body cavity
25
Q

what mechanisms do cnidarians use to replace a circulatory system

A
  • muscular contractions of body wall pump water in and out of body cavity
26
Q

circulatory system: annelids (2)
- mechanism
- open or closed

A
  • polychaetes circulate interstitial fluid with cilia or muscular contractions of the body wall
  • circulatory system can be open (polychaetes) or closed (oligochaetes)
27
Q

circulatory system: molluscs (2)
- structures
- open vs closed

A
  • all have hearts and some blood vessels
  • most have open systems (clams), while only cephalopods have closed systems (squid)
28
Q

circulatory system: arthropods - crustaceans (4)
- structures
- open vs closed
- complexity
- control

A
  • all have one or more hearts and some blood vessels
  • all have open systems
  • circulatory systems become more complex in larger crustaceans
  • some control over distribution of blood flow in body
29
Q

circulatory system: arthropods - insects (3)
- open vs closed
- structures
- gas transport

A
  • relatively simple open circulatory system
  • multiple, contractile “hearts” along dorsal vessels
  • use tracheal system for most gas transport
30
Q

phylum chordata (3)

A
  • invertebrate: urochordates (tunicates)
  • invertebrate: cephalochordates (lancelets)
  • vertebrates (fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds, mammals)
31
Q

circulatory system: urochordates (2)
- open vs closed
- structures

A
  • open circulatory system
  • tubular heart at base of the digestive tract
32
Q

circulatory system: cephalochordates (2)
- open vs closed
- structures

A
  • closed system with a few open sinuses
  • tubular heart at base of the digestive tract and pulsating blood vessels
33
Q

circulatory system: vertebrates
- open vs closed

A
  • all have closed systems
34
Q

describe the evolutions of circulatory systems (4)

A
  • first evolved to transport nutrients to body cells
  • began to serve a respiratory function very early
  • closed systems evolved independently in jawed vertebrates, cephalopods, and annelids
  • closed systems evolved in combination with specialized oxygen carrier molecules
35
Q

why did closed systems evolve/what is its advantage (2)

A
  • increased blood pressure and flow
  • increased control of blood distribution
36
Q

why did closed systems with specialized O2 carrier molecules evolve

A
  • to support high metabolic rates
37
Q

which organisms have an open circulatory system (4)

A
  • urochordata
  • annelida
  • arthropoda
  • mollusca
38
Q

which organisms have a closed circulatory system (4)

A
  • vertebrates
  • mollusca: cephalopods
  • cephalochordata (some open sinuses)
  • annelida
39
Q

how does the circulatory system fit into O2 delivery (4)

A
  • acts in internal convection
  • quickly saturates respiratory pigment with O2
  • pumps blood to where and when it is needed (changing vessel radius)
  • rapidly unloads O2 from blood to mitochondria
40
Q

when will the body experience increased O2 needs

A
  • during all activities
41
Q

what are the ways to provide O2 to the body during activity (2)

A
  • heart pumps mor blood per unit time (increased cardiac output)
  • tissues extract more O2 from capillaries (O2 content in venous blood will decrease)

BIOL 364 (44 decks)

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