Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 364 > Respiration: Strategies & Ventilation Characteristics > Flashcards

Respiration: Strategies & Ventilation Characteristics Flashcards

1
Q

what respiratory strategies do animals larger than a few mm use (3)

A
  • circulate the external medium through the body
  • diffuse the gases across the body surface, accompanied by circulatory transport
  • diffuse gases across a specialized respiratory surface, accompanies by circulatory transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which organisms circulate external medium through their body for respiration? (3)

A
  • sponges
  • cnidarians
  • insects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which organisms diffuse gases across their body surface, accompanied by circulatory transport (3)

A
  • most aquatic invertebrates
  • some amphibians
  • bird eggs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the name of the respiration strategy that involves diffusion of gases across their body surface, accompanied by circulatory transport

A
  • cutaneous respiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is required for cutaneous respiration (2)

A
  • skin must be thin
  • skin must be moist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

which organisms diffuse gases across a specialized respiratory surface accompanied by circulatory transport

A
  • vertebrates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what kinds of specialized respiratory surfaces are used for respiration (2)

A
  • gills: evaginations
  • lungs: invaginations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the requirement for specialized respiratory surfaces (2)

A
  • thin
  • moist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which organisms rely on diffusion through water/air (2)

A
  • unicellular animals
  • small, thin animals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which organisms rely on bulk flow of water (no circulatory system)

A
  • sponges
  • cnidarians
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which organisms rely on bulk flow of air (no circulatory system)

A
  • insects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which organisms rely on diffusion, accompanies by circulatory system for gas transport (2)

A
  • leech
  • earthworm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

which organisms rely on ventilation and a circulatory system for gas transport

A
  • vertebrates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how does ventilation of respiratory surfaces affect static boundary layers

A
  • reduces the formation of static boundary layers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

types of ventilation (3)

A
  • nondirectional
  • tidal
  • unidirectional
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ventilation types: nondirectional

A
  • medium flows past respiratory surface in an unpredictable pattern
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ventilation types: tidal

A
  • medium moves in and out of the chamber
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ventilation types: unidirectional

A
  • medium enters the chamber at one point and exits at a another point
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where do gases enter the blood

A
  • at the respiratory surfaces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the efficiency of gas exchange affected by (3)

A
  • contact time between medium/blood and the respiratory surface
  • thickness of the respiratory membrane
  • direction of flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how can contact time impact the efficiency of gas exchange (2)

A
  • contact time is too long: not enough new O2 will be delivered
  • contact time is too short: not enough time to diffuse O2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how can thickness of respiratory membranes affect gas exchange (2)

A
  • physical instability if too thin
  • gases cannot diffuse if too thick
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what accounts for the inability for blood to reach equilibrium with the medium in PO2 after it exits the respiratory surface (2)

A
  • effect of thickness of the respiratory epithelium and mucus
  • boundary layer effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what will the PO2 be closer or further from the medium PO2 in a animal with efficient respiration

A
  • it will be closer to reaching the medium PO2 (higher than a less efficient respiration system)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ventilation graph: non-directional ventilation and efficient gas exchange (2)

A
  • medium PO2 remains constant at a high level
  • blood PO2 approaches medium PO2, coming near to its value as it leaves the respiratory surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

ventilation graph: non-directional ventilation and non-efficient gas exchange (2)

A
  • medium PO2 remains constant at a high level
  • blood PO2 approaches medium PO2, but does not come near to its value as it leaves the respiratory surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

ventilation graph: tidal ventilation and efficient gas exchange (2)

A
  • medium PO2 changes: inhalant PO2 is slightly higher than exhalant PO2
  • blood PO2 approaches exhalant medium PO2, coming near its value as it leaves respiratory surface
28
Q

why does the inhalant PO2 differ from the exhalant PO2 in the medium of animals with tidal ventilation

A
  • the medium stored in the respiratory surface will lose O2 to the blood, causing its PO2 to drop
29
Q

unidirectional flow: types (3)

A
  • concurrent flow
  • countercurrent flow
  • crosscurrent flow
30
Q

ventilation graph: concurrent flow (2)

A
  • medium PO2 changes: medium PO2 entering the respiratory surface is much higher than the medium PO2 leaving
  • blood PO2 approaches the PO2 of the medium leaving the respiratory surface
31
Q

ventilation graph: countercurrent flow (2)

A
  • medium PO2 changes: medium PO2 entering the respiratory surface is much higher than the medium PO2 leaving
  • blood PO2 approaches the PO2 of the medium entering the respiratory surface
32
Q

ventilation graph: crosscurrent flow (2)

A
  • medium PO2 changes: medium PO2 entering the respiratory surface is higher than medium PO2 leaving
  • blood meets medium at varying points, creating an exiting PO2 that is greater than the exiting medium PO2
33
Q

specialized respiratory surfaces: characteristics (6)

A
  • allows rest of body to be thick/protected
  • protected in body cavity (sometimes), allowing surface to remain moist
  • higher effective surface area as it is unconstrained by skin properties
  • highly vascularized (lower diffusion distance)
  • highly ventilated
  • synchronized with circulatory system
34
Q

what are important respiratory differences between water and air (2)

A
  • O2 solubility in air is 30 times greater than water
  • CO2 solubility in air is similar to water
35
Q

what are the implications of low O2 solubility for water breathers

A
  • to remove the same amount of O2, 30 times more water must be ventilated than air to remove the same amount of oxygen
36
Q

if a water breather has sufficient flow for O2 uptake, what are the implications for CO2 excretion (2)

A
  • water breathers are better at extracting CO2 from the body due to high flow rate
  • blood CO2 levels are low
37
Q

water is more dense than viscous air, what are the implications for cost of ventilation

A
  • water breathers require a lot of energy to move H2O through their system
38
Q

ventilation strategies: unidirectional flow (2)

A
  • used by most water breathers
  • allows for countercurrent exchange
39
Q

ventilation strategies: tidal flow (3)

A
  • air-breathers
  • used because air flows easily; tidal ventilation would be too much work for water breathers
40
Q

what affects the work required to breathe (3)

A
  • lung elastance
  • compliance
  • airway resistance
41
Q

lung compliance (2)

A
  • how easy it is to stretch a structure
  • high compliance = easy to stretch
42
Q

lung elastance

A
  • how readily a structure returns to its orginal shape
43
Q

what diseases can alter lung elastance and compliance (2)

A
  • fibrotic lung disease
  • emphysema
44
Q

fibrotic lung disease (2)

A
  • caused by inhalation of small, damaging material like asbestos
  • scarring thickens walls of the lungs
45
Q

fibrotic lung disease: affect on lung work (2)

A
  • scarring reduces lung compliance
  • makes inhalation more difficult, which requires more work
46
Q

aqueous fluid and surface tension

A
  • aqueous fluids have substantial surface tension due to hydrogen bonding between water molecules
47
Q

surface tension and lungs (2)

A
  • aqueous fluid surface tension would cause alveoli walls to stick together
  • this would increase energy needed to inflate lungs
48
Q

how do surfactants affect lung work (2)

A
  • surfactants produced by type II alveolar cells reduce surface tension
  • increases lung compliance and reduces work required to breathe
49
Q

how does emphysema affect lung work (3)

A
  • walls of the alveoli break down
  • increases lung compliance, but reduces lung elastance
  • easy to inhale, but difficult to exhale
50
Q

airway resistance and airway radius (2)

A
  • airway resistance is inversely proportional to airway radius to the 4th power
  • small change in radius has a large change to resistance and flow
51
Q

bronchoconstriction (3)

A
  • reduction in airway radius
  • results from stimulation of parasympathetic nervous system
  • can be caused by histamine or irritants
52
Q

bronchodilation (3)

A
  • increase in airway radius
  • results from stimulation of sympathetic nervous system
  • can be caused by adrenaline or high alveolar PCO2
53
Q

asthma (2)

A
  • excessive bronchoconstriction
  • variety of causes including allergens, exercise, weather, etc
54
Q

tidal volume (2)

A
  • volume of air moved in one ventilatory cycle
  • Vt
55
Q

dead space (3)

A
  • air that does not participate in gas exchange
  • anatomical dead space or alveolar dead space
  • Vd
56
Q

anatomical dead space

A
  • volume of trachea and bronchi
57
Q

alveolar dead space

A
  • volume of alveoli that are not perfused
58
Q

what are the effects of increased dead space

A
  • lower surface area for gas exchange
59
Q

which animals have a lot of dead space, what are the implications (2)

A
  • animals with long necks (trachea length)
  • must have thinner trachea, but this may increase resistance
60
Q

ventilation-perfusion matching (2)

A
  • matching of ventilation and blood flow
  • helps to make gas exchange more efficient at the respiratory surface
61
Q

ventilation perfusion ratio

A
  • Va/Q
62
Q

ventilation perfusion ratio: Va

A
  • alveolar ventilation
63
Q

ventilation perfusion ratio: Q

A
  • cardiac output
64
Q

Va/Q = 1

A
  • match of O2 delivery at gas exchanger with ability to transport O2 away from the gas exchange site
65
Q

how is blood rate controlled to match alveoli ventilation

A
  • arterioles dilate or constrict to distribute blood
66
Q

how would the arterioles change in low PO2 alveolus

A
  • arterioles would constrict
67
Q

why is ventilation-perfusion matching beneficial

A
  • diversion of blood flow to functional alveoli

BIOL 364 (44 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions