Final: Respiration 3 Flashcards

1
Q

ventilation: sponges and cnidarians (2)

A
  • circulate external medium through an internal cavity
  • gases diffuse directing in and out of cells
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2
Q

circulation of medium: sponges

A
  • flagella move water in through ostia and out through osculum
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3
Q

circulation of medium: cnidarians

A
  • muscle contractions move water in and out through the mouth
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4
Q

ventilation: echinoderms (2)

A
  • sea cucumbers pump water tidally via the anus
  • use muscular contractions of cloaca and the respiratory tree
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5
Q

ventilation: molluscs (2)

A
  • cephalopods use countercurrent flow
  • muscular contractions of mantle propel water unidirectionally past the gills in the mantle cavity
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6
Q

ventilation: jawless fishes/agnathans

A
  • lamprey and hagfish have multiple pairs of gill sacs
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7
Q

ventilation: hagfish jawless fish (3)

A
  • uses muscular pump to propel water through respiratory cavity
  • water enters mouth and leaves through gill opening
  • flow is unidirectional and countercurrent
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8
Q

ventilation: lamprey jawless fish (3)

A
  • when not feeding, ventilation is similar to the hagfish
  • when feeding, mouth is attached to prey and cannot intake water
  • ventilation is tidal through gill openings when feeding
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9
Q

ventilation: elasmobranchs (sharks)

A
  • blood flow is unidirectional and countercurrent
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10
Q

elasmobranch ventilation steps (4)

A
  • expand buccal cavity
  • draws water into buccal cavity via mouth and spiracles
  • mouth and spiracles close
  • muscles around buccal cavity contract, forcing water past gills and out the gill slits
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11
Q

ventilation: teleost (bony) fishes steps (4)

A
  • mouth open and opercular valve closed, buccal cavity expanded and opercular cavity expands
  • mouth and opercular valve closed, buccal cavity compressed and opercular cavity expanded
  • mouth closed, opercular valve open, buccal cavity compressed and opercular cavity compressing
  • mouth and opercular valve open, buccal cavity expands and opercular cavity compressed
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12
Q

ram ventilation (3)

A
  • used by active fish
  • swimming with mouth open, so swimming musculature results in unidirectional water flow over gills
  • energetically efficient as no ventilation muscles are required
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13
Q

major animal lineages colonizing terrestrial habitats (2)

A
  • arthropods
  • vertebrates
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14
Q

vertebrates (4)

A
  • amphibians
  • reptiles
  • birds
  • mammals
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15
Q

arthropods (2)

A
  • crustaceans
  • insects
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16
Q

ventilation: crustaceans (3)

A
  • respiratory structures and ventilation are similar to marine relatives
  • gills are stiff so they don’t collapse/stick together
  • branchial cavity is highly vascularized and is primary site of gas exchange
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17
Q

ventilation: insects (3)

A
  • extensive tracheal system that is similar to human circulatory system
  • gases diffuse over very small distances, which is achievable due to small body size
  • contraction of abdominal muscles/movements in thorax lead to expansion/contraction of tracheae
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18
Q

insect tracheal system (3)

A
  • air-filled tubes called tracheae
  • system open to outside via spiracles
  • tracheae branch to form tracheoles which penetrate the cells throughout the body
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19
Q

disadvantage of tracheal system in insects (2)

A
  • takes up enormous amount of space in body
  • does not leave space for a lot of other tissues
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20
Q

insect air flow (2)

A
  • tidal: air flows in and out of same spiracles
  • unidirectional: air enters anterior spiracles, flows through tracheae, and exits abdominal spiracles
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21
Q

insects: discontinuous gas exchange (2)

A
  • phenomenon where gas exchange is discontinuous (only 2 “bouts” of ventilation in 60 min)
  • adaptive value is unknown
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22
Q

what medium do aquatic insects use to ventilate (2)

A
  • breathe air
  • evolution of multiple solutions for air breathing aquatic insects
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23
Q

ventilation: mosquito larvae (2)

A
  • use snorkel-like mechanism to maintain air-filled trachea
  • don’t use H20 because it has low O2 content and viscosity is too high to move through fragile/thin tracheal system
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24
Q

ventilation: water beetles (3)

A
  • carry “scuba tank” air bubbles to breathe from during diving
  • O2 diffuses in and out of bubble, N2 and CO2 diffuse out
  • PO2 and PN2 remain constant in water (incompressible); however, their levels change inside the bubble
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25
water beetle ventilation: start of descent (3)
- PO2 decreases due to O2 consumption by the beetle, O2 enters from water - PN2 increase as bubble volume decreases due to O2 consumption, N2 exits into water - CO2 leaves bubble
26
water beetle ventilation: arrival at 1m depth (3)
- PO2 is elevated due to decreased bubble volume, O2 exits into water - PN2 is elevated due to decreased bubble volume, N2 exits into water - CO2 exits into water
27
water beetle ventilation: later at 1m depth (3)
- PO2 is decreased from bus O2 consumption, so O2 enters bubble - PN2 is elevated due to decreased bubble volume, N2 exits into water - CO2 exits into water
28
water beetle ventilation: advantage
- breathing from bubble can provide 7x O2 content of initial bubble as O2 diffuses in from the water
29
water beetle ventilation: potential disadvantage (2)
- smaller bubbles results in less buoyancy and sinking - beetle must balance between buoyancy and respiration
30
why has air breathing likely evolved so many times independently
- likely in response to periods of aquatic hypoxia
31
what types of respiratory structures have developed in air breathing fish (5)
- reinforced gills that do not collapse in air - highly vascularized mouth/pharyngeal cavity - highly vascularized stomach/intestine - specialized pockets of the gut - lungs
32
what is air breathing in fish characterized by (2)
- ventilation of air breathing organ is usually tidal - uses buccal force similar to other fish
33
air breathing fish: where does the majority of O2 uptake occur
- across the air breathing organ
34
air breathing fish: where does the majority of CO2 excretion occur
- across the gills
35
air breathing fish: heart structure (2)
- possess partial separation of blood flow within heart - first step towards completely divided hear
36
air breathing fish: blood flow through heart (2)
- deoxygenated blood passes through gills - oxygenated blood coming back from the lung passes through non-functional gill arches
37
air breathing fish: why does oxygenated blood pass through non-functional gill arches (2)
- excrete oxygen for larvae - conserve oxygenated blood
38
how do lungfish prevent O2 loss across the gills when air-breathing in hypoxic water
- reduce their gill surface area
39
ventilation: amphibians (2)
- tidal ventilation - use of a buccal force pump
40
amphibians: respiratory structures (3)
- cutaneous respiration - external gills - simple, bilobed lungs
41
ventilation: reptiles -
- tidal ventilation - two phases: inspiration and expiration - separation of feeding and respiratory muscles - several mechanism change the volume of the chest cavity
42
reptile: tidal ventilation (2)
- generally relies on suction pumps to create negative pressure for aspiration - differs from fish and amphibians that rely on buccal pumps, although the buccal pump may act as a supplement
43
ventilation: birds (3)
- blood flow is crosscurrent - unidirectional flow using lungs and air sacs - gas exchange occurs as air flows through parabronchi in lungs
44
bird ventilation: lungs (3)
- stiff and change little in volume - located between series of air sacs that act as bellows - posterior and anterior air sacs that drive movement through lungs
45
bird ventilation: first inhale (2)
- air sacs expand - air enters mouth/nares, trachea, and into the posterior air sacs
46
bird ventilation: first exhale (2)
- air sacs compress - air leaves posterior air sacs and enters lung tissue/parabronchi
47
bird ventilation: second inhale (2)
- air sacs expand - air leaves lung tissue and enters the anterior air sacs
48
bird ventilation: second exhale (2)
- air sacs compress - air leaves anterior air sacs, and exits through the trachea and mouth
49
ventilation: mammals (3)
- two main respiratory system parts: upper and lower respiratory tract - alveoli are the site of gas exchange - tidal ventilation
50
mammal ventilation: upper respiratory tract (4)
- mouth - nasal cavity - pharynx - trachea
51
mammal ventilation: lower respiratory tract (2)
- bronchi - gas exchange surfaces (alveoli)
52
mammal ventilation: alveoli - types (2) - general characteristic
- type I alveolar cells have a thin wall - type II surfactant cells secrete fluid - outer surface of alveoli are covered in capillaries
53
mammal ventilation: how does blood enter and leave the lungs (2)
- enters through the pulmonary artery - leaves through the pulmonary vein
54
mammal ventilation: pleural sac - location - structure - contents - pressure
- each lung surrounded by pleural sac - consists of two layers of cells with a small space, the pleural cavity, between them - contains small volume of pleural fluid (incompressible) - intrapleural sac pressure is sub-atmospheric (negative pressure)
55
mammal ventilation: pleural sac - function (2)
- transmits chest wall forces evenly across the lungs - negative pressure keeps lungs expanded, due to elastic pull of lungs or of the chest wall
56
mammal ventilation: lung puncture (3)
- air enters intrapleural space - chest wall can still expand, but it cannot pull lung to expand - lung collapses to unstretched size and is non-functional
57
mammal ventilation: inspiration muscles (3)
- motor neurons stimulate inspiratory muscles - contraction of external intercostals and diaphragm - ribs move outwards and the diaphragm moves downward
58
mammal ventilation: inspiration (3)
- volume of thorax increases, intrathoracic pressure decreases - transpulmonary pressure gradient increases - lungs expand and air is pulled in
59
mammal ventilation: exhalation muscles (3)
- nerve stimulation of inspiratory muscles stop - muscles relax - ribs and diaphragm return to original positions
60
mammal ventilation: exhalation (2)
- volume of thorax decreases, intrathoracic pressure increases - passive recoil of the lungs pushes air out
61
mammal ventilation: exhalation during rapid, heavy breathing
- forced exhalation is by contraction of the internal intercostal muscles