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BIOL 364 > Ion and Water Balance 1 > Flashcards

Ion and Water Balance 1 Flashcards

1
Q

animal environment

A
  • external world outside the whole animal
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2
Q

cell environment (2)

A
  • extracellular fluid for a cell
  • plasma and interstitial fluid
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3
Q

intracellular enzyme environment (2)

A
  • cytoplasm
  • intracellular fluid
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4
Q

how do animals control ion and water balance in internal/external environments

A
  • use different combinations of tissues
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5
Q

what is the general combination of tissues used to control ion/water balance in animals (5)

A
  • mucus
  • apical membrane
  • basolateral membrane surrounded by interstitial fluid
  • endothelium
  • plasma and blood cells
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6
Q

homeostatic processes (3)

A
  • osmotic regulation
  • ionic regulation
  • nitrogenous waste excretion
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7
Q

homeostatic processes: osmotic regulation

A
  • osmotic pressure of body fluids
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8
Q

homeostatic processes: ionic regulation

A
  • concentrations of specific ions
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9
Q

homeostatic processes: nitrogenous waste excretion

A
  • excretion of end-products of protein metabolism
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10
Q

how do solutes move through water

A
  • by diffusion
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11
Q

rate of diffusion

A

dQs/dt

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12
Q

Fick Equation for the rate of diffusion

A

dQs/dt = Ds x A x (dC/dX)

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13
Q

diffusion coefficient

A
  • takes into account the size of the molecule and hydration shell
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14
Q

Ds

A
  • diffusion coefficient
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15
Q

A

A
  • diffusion area
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16
Q

dC/dX (2)

A
  • size of the concentration gradient
  • X is the distance
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17
Q

what does the direction of diffusion depend on

A
  • the concentration gradient
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18
Q

what forces will affect the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane (2)

A
  • osmotic pressure pushing water toward an area of higher solute concentration
  • gravity pushing water down
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19
Q

hyperosmotic

A
  • solution with higher osmolarity
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20
Q

hypoosmotic

A
  • solution with lower osmolarity
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21
Q

isosmotic

A
  • when the osmolarities of two solutions are the same
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22
Q

what kind of solution does water diffuse from/into

A
  • water diffuses from a hypoosmotic solution to a hyperosmotic solution
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23
Q

tonicity

A
  • the affect of a solution on cell volume
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24
Q

hypertonic solution

A
  • solution outside the cell has higher concentrations of solute
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25
Q

hypotonic solution

A
  • solution outside the cell has lower concentrations of solute
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26
Q

isotonic solution

A
  • solution outside the cell has the same concentrations of solute as inside the cell
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27
Q

how does the cell behave in hypertonic solutions (2)

A
  • cell shrinks
  • water leaves the cell by osmosis
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28
Q

how does the cell behave in hypotonic solutions (2)

A
  • cell swells
  • water enters the cell by osmosis
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29
Q

how does the cell behave in isotonic solutions (2)

A
  • cell neither shrinks nor swells
  • no net osmosis
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30
Q

what can occur when RBCs are in hypertonic solutions (2)

A
  • cell shrinks
  • Hb can crystallize due to high concentrations inside RBC
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31
Q

why is it important to regulate cell osmolarity (2)

A
  • increased intracellular osmolarity can directly interfere with cellular processes
  • result in water movement across membrane, changing cell volume
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32
Q

what cellular processes can be interfered during increased intracellular osmolarity (2)

A
  • protein-protein interactions
  • cellular fluidity for diffusion
33
Q

what cell implications occur after moderate swelling

A
  • disruption of membrane
34
Q

what cell implications occur after excessive swelling

A
  • cell lysis (pops)
35
Q

what cell implications occur after excessive cell shrinking

A
  • macromolecular crowding
36
Q

what can macromolecular crowding result in

A
  • less efficient and impaired cell functioning
37
Q

how do cells control their volume (2)

A
  • transport solutes in and out of extracelullar fluid (ECF)
  • water follows solutes by osmosis
38
Q

how do animals regulate their cells’ volumes (2)

A
  • regulate the composition of the ECF
  • provides cells with a constant external solution that allows them to maintain appropriate cell volume
39
Q

what structures do animals use to regulate their ECF (2)

A
  • mammals use kidneys
  • fish use gills
40
Q

what ions do cell move to regulate ions/water when ECF isn’t constant (4)

A
  • sodium (Na+)
  • potassium (K+)
  • chloride (Cl-)
  • calcium (Ca2+)
41
Q

what transporters are used to regulate sodium (2)

A
  • 3 Na+/2 K+ ATPase
  • Na+/H+ exchanger
42
Q

what transporters are used to regulate potassium

A
  • 3 Na+/2 K+ ATPase
43
Q

what transporters are used to regulate chloride

A
  • generally distributed passively according to the Goldman equation
44
Q

what transporters are used to regulate calcium (2)

A
  • Na+/Ca+ antiporter
  • Ca2+ ATPase
45
Q

what is the NKCC transporter

A
  • Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter
46
Q

active increase of cell volume by import of ion

A
  • regulatory volume increase (RVI)
47
Q

regulatory volume increase process (2)

A
  1. cells actively import ions
  2. water follows ions passively
48
Q

RVI transporters (4)

A
  • usually achieved by activating NKCC cotransporter
  • Na+ channels
  • Cl- channels
  • Na+/H+ exchangers
49
Q

active decrease of cell volume by exporting ions

A
  • regulatory volume decrease (RVD)
50
Q

regulatory volume decrease process (2)

A
  1. cells actively export ions
  2. water follows ions passively
51
Q

what is the usual mechanism of RVD (5)

A
  1. opening of K+ channels
  2. K+ leaves cell down electrochemical gradient
  3. water follows passively
  4. inside becomes too negative
  5. Cl- channels open and Cl- leaves due to hyperpolarizing effects of K+ movement
52
Q

RVD transporters

A
  • K+ channels
  • Cl- channels
  • K+/Cl- co-transporters
  • Na+/Ca2+ exchanger
  • Ca2+ ATPase
  • Na+/K+ ATPase
53
Q

how is water regulated for cell volume

A
  • passively regulated in response to changes in ions and osmolarity
54
Q

porins

A
  • like ion channels, but for transport of larger molecules
55
Q

aquaporins

A
  • membrane transporters specific to water molecules
56
Q

ionic and osmotic challenges: marine environments (2)

A
  • gain of salts
  • loss of water
57
Q

ionic and osmotic challenges: freshwater environments (2)

A
  • loss of salts
  • gain of water
58
Q

ionic and osmotic challenges: terrestrial environments

A
  • loss of water
59
Q

ionic and osmotic challenges: movement between environments

A
  • ability to alter homeostatic processes to meet demands of each environment
60
Q

what are the strategies used to meet ionic challenges (4)

A
  • ionoconformer
  • ionoregulator
  • osmoconformer
  • osmoregulator
61
Q

ionoconformers

A
  • exert little control over ion profile within extracellular space
62
Q

what type of animals are ionoconformers

A
  • exclusively found in marine animals
63
Q

ionoregulator

A
  • control ion profile of extracellular space
64
Q

what type of animals are ionoregulators

A
  • most vertebrates
65
Q

osmolarity of surroundings vs plasma: ionoconformer + osmoconformer (2)

A
  • same osmolarity
  • same ion concentrations/composition
66
Q

osmolarity of surroundings vs plasma: ionoregulator + osmoconformer (2)

A
  • same osmolarity
  • different ion concentrations/composition
67
Q

osmolarity of surroundings vs plasma: ionoregulator + osmoregulatory (2)

A
  • different osmolarity
  • different ion concentrations/composition
68
Q

osmoregulator

A
  • osmolarity is constant regardless of external environment
69
Q

what types of animals are osmoregulators

A
  • most vertebrates
70
Q

osmoconformer

A
  • internal and external osmolarity are similar
71
Q

what types of animals are osmoregulators

A
  • marine invertebrates
72
Q

what terms describe the abilities of animals to cope with external salinities (2)

A
  • stenohaline
  • euryhaline
73
Q

stenohaline

A
  • can tolerate only narrow range of salinities
74
Q

euryhaline

A
  • can tolerate wide range of salinities
75
Q

euryhaline osmoconformer

A
  • osmolarity can decrease/increase in parallel with water until death
76
Q

stenohaline osmoconformer

A
  • dies after minimal osmotic disruptions
77
Q

euryhaline osmoregulator

A
  • maintains a nearly constant internal state throughout various major osmolarity changes, but eventually succumbs
78
Q

stenohaline osmoregulator

A
  • maintains internal osmolarity over narrow range of external osmolarities

BIOL 364 (44 decks)

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