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BIOL 364 > Circulation 3 > Flashcards

Circulation 3 Flashcards

1
Q

birds and mammals: heart structure (5)

A
  • endothelium connective tissue which directly contacts blood
  • endocardium
  • myocardium
  • coronary arteries
  • pericardium consisting of: epicardium, pericardial fluid in pericardial cavity, and the parietal pericardium
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2
Q

fish: heart structure (6)

A
  • endocardium that covers the trabeculae
  • spongy myocardium
  • compact myocardium
  • coronary arteries (only in very active fish)
  • pericardial cavity
  • pericardium
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3
Q

which fish have coronary arteries and examples (2)

A
  • very active fish; most don’t have coronary arteries
  • eg. tuna and sharks
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4
Q

vertebrate heart walls (4)

A
  • pericardium
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
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5
Q

vertebrate heart: pericardium (3)

A
  • sac of connective tissue that surrounds the heart
  • outer (parietal) and inner (visceral) layers
  • space between the layers is filled with lubricating fluid
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6
Q

vertebrate heart: epicardium (2)

A
  • outer layer of heart, continuous with the visceral pericardium
  • contain nerves that regulate heart and coronary arteries
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7
Q

vertebrate heart: myocardium

A
  • layer of heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes)
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8
Q

vertebrate heart: endocardium (2)

A
  • innermost layer of connective tissue covered by epithelial cells (called endothelium)
  • directly contacts the blood
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9
Q

myocardium types (2)

A
  • compact
  • spongy
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10
Q

compact myocardium (2)

A
  • tightly packed cells arranged in regular pattern
  • much more muscle than spongy myocardium (more compact), increasing the ability to do work to support metabolism
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11
Q

spongy myocardium (3)

A
  • meshwork of loosely connected cells
  • cells get bathed by blood entering the heart to obtain O2 and get rid of CO2
  • allows for greater surface area for gas exchange
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12
Q

myocardium: mammals

A
  • mostly have compact myocardium
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13
Q

myocardium: fish and amphibians (2)

A
  • mostly have spongy myocardium, but active fishes can have more compact myocardium
  • arranged as trabecular that extend into chambers
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14
Q

why does oxygen needed to be supplied to the heart

A
  • myocardium is extremely oxidative and has a high O2 demand
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15
Q

how do mammals and birds obtain O2 to the heart

A
  • coronary arteries supply oxygen to compact myocardium
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16
Q

how do fish obtain O2 to the heart

A
  • spongy myocardium obtains oxygen from blood flowing through the heart
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17
Q

fish hearts (3)
- chambers
- separation
- myocardium

A
  • four chambers arranged in series
  • only deoxygenated blood passes through the heart
  • spongy myocardium
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18
Q

fish heart chambers (4)

A
  • sinus venosus
  • atrium
  • ventricle
  • bulbus arteriosus
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19
Q

amphibian hearts (3)
- chambers
- separation
- myocardium

A
  • three-chambered heart
  • partial separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood; the beginning of separation in heart
  • spongy myocardium
20
Q

amphibian heart: chambers (3)

A
  • two atria
  • one ventricle
  • conus arteriosus
21
Q

amphibian heart: ventricle (2)

A
  • trabecular in ventricle
  • helps to prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the ventricle
22
Q

amphibian heart: right atrium (2)

A
  • contains the sinus venosus
  • receives deoxygenated blood
23
Q

amphibian heart: left atrium

A
  • receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein
24
Q

amphibian heart: conus arteriosus (2)

A
  • contains a spiral fold
  • helps direct deoxygenated blood to pulmocutaneous circuit and oxygenated blood to the systemic circuit
25
Q

circulatory pattern in amphibians (5)

A
  • oxygenated blood leaves the heart and enters the aorta
  • blood is delivered to the tissues, where it becomes deoxygenated
  • deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, where it mixes with oxygenated blood coming back from the skin (cutaneous respiration)
  • blood is pumped from the ventricle into the pulmocutaneous artery, where it becomes oxygenated at the lungs or at the skin
  • oxygenated blood enters the heart through the left atrium
26
Q

reptile hearts (3)
- chambers
- separation
- myocardium

A
  • five-chambered heart
  • separation of oxygenated and deoxygenate blood in ventricle is nearly complete
  • compact myocardium
27
Q

reptile heart: chambers (2)

A
  • two atria
  • three interconnected ventricular compartments, which allow for good degree of blood separation
28
Q

reptile heart: interconnected ventricular compartments (3)

A
  • cavum venosum
  • cavum pulmonale
  • cavum arteriosum
29
Q

reptile heart: cavum arteriosum

A
  • receives blood from left atrium and leads to the cavum venosum
30
Q

reptile heart: cavum venosum

A
  • leads to systemic aortas
31
Q

reptile heart: cavum pulmonale

A
  • leads to pulmonary artery
32
Q

reptile heart: shunts (2)

A
  • reptiles can shunt blood to bypass the pulmonary circuit or systemic circuit
  • can be a right-to-left shunt or a left-to-right shunt
33
Q

reptile heart: right-to-left shunt (2)

A
  • deoxygenated blood bypasses pulmonary circuit and enters systemic circuit, bypassing the lungs
  • thought to be active during breath-holding
34
Q

reptile heart: left-to-right shunt (2)

A
  • oxygenated blood re-enters the pulmonary circuit, bypassing the peripheral tissue
  • thought to be active when aiding in oxygen delivery to the myocardium in the right heart
35
Q

circulatory pattern in reptiles (5)

A
  • oxygenated blood leaves the cavum venosum and enters the systemic aortas
  • blood is delivered to the tissues where it becomes deoxygenated
  • blood re-enters the heart through the right atrium and fills the cavum pulmonale
  • deoxygenated blood is pumped into the lungs, where it becomes oxygenated again
  • oxygenated blood enters the heart through the left atrium and fills the cavum arteriosum, then cavum venosum
36
Q

crocodile heart (4)
- chambers
- separation
- myocardium
- unique structures

A
  • four-chambered heart, similar to birds and mammals
  • complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart
  • compact myocardium
  • contain Foramen of Panizza and anastomosis
37
Q

crocodile heart: foramen of panizza (3)

A
  • connects blood exiting left ventricle to the blood exiting the right ventricle
  • higher pressure from left ventricle causes blood from left ventricle to enter right aorta
  • thought to be useful for diving to shut down blood flow to the lungs
38
Q

crocodile heart: ventricles

A
  • ventricles completely separated by ventricular septum
39
Q

crocodile heart: anastomosis (2)

A
  • connects right and left aorta
  • thought to even out volume between both sides of the systemic circulation
40
Q

bird/mammal hearts (3)
- chambers
- separation
- myocardium

A
  • four chambers
  • complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
  • compact myocardium
41
Q

bird/mammal hearts: chambers (2)

A
  • two atria
  • two ventricles
42
Q

bird/mammal hearts: atria (2)

A
  • thin-walled
  • left receives oxygenated blood, right receives deoxygenated blood
43
Q

bird/mammal hearts: ventricles (2)

A
  • thick-walled
  • completely separated by intraventricular septum
44
Q

bird/mammal hearts: valves (2)

A
  • valves prevent flow reversal during contractions
  • contain the atrioventricular (AV) valves and the semilunar valves
45
Q

bird/mammal hearts: atrioventricular valves

A
  • present between atria and ventricles
46
Q

bird/mammal hearts: semilunar valves

A
  • present between ventricles and arteries
47
Q

why are bird and mammal hearts so divided (2)

A
  • they are endotherms
  • they must maintain heat and a high metabolic rate

BIOL 364 (44 decks)

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