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BIOL 364 > Temperature 1 > Flashcards

Temperature 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how does thermal energy affect animals (2)

A
  • influences chemical interactions that affect macromolecular structure and biochemical reactions
  • affect shape and function of all proteins, including enzymes
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2
Q

what equation is used to describe the effects of thermal energy on animal functions

A
  • Van’t Hoff equation
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3
Q

Van’t Hoff equation (2)

A
  • Q10 = (k2/k1)^10/(t2-t1)
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4
Q

Van’t Hoff equation: k2 and k1

A
  • rates of the reaction at two different temperatures
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5
Q

Van’t Hoff equation: t2 and t1

A
  • two different temperatures
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6
Q

Van’t Hoff equation: simplified (2)

A
  • for exactly 10 C change
  • Q10 = k2/k1
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7
Q

what are the Q10 values for more chemical reactions (metabolism, growth, locomotion) (2)

A
  • 2-3
  • reaction doubles or triples with a 10 C change in temperature
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8
Q

what are the Q10 values for a purely physical process (diffusion) (2)

A
  • closer to 1.0
  • temperature effects are more minimal
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9
Q

what is temperature often referred to

A
  • ecological master factor
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10
Q

thermal strategy

A
  • combination of behavioral, biochemical, and physiological responses that ensure body temperature is within an acceptable limit
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11
Q

ambient temperature (2)

A
  • temperature of the animal’s surroundings
  • most important environmental influence on the animal’s thermal strategy
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12
Q

what thermal factors must animals be able to survive (2)

A
  • thermal extremes
  • thermal changes over days, seasons, etc
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13
Q

what kind of temperature changes do ecosystems experience (2)

A
  • spatial variation in temperature
  • temporal variation in temperature
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14
Q

what are the ranges of temperatures in terrestrial life

A
  • 60 C to +60 C
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15
Q

what are the ranges of temperatures in aquatic life

A
  • 2 C to +40 C
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16
Q

why do fish have poor freezing temperature tolerance

A
  • fish cannot survive in ice, so there is no selection for freezing temperature tolerance
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17
Q

what are the two major thermal strategies (2)

A
  • tolerance
  • regulation
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18
Q

thermal strategy: tolerance

A
  • body temperature is allowed to vary with ambient temperature
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19
Q

thermal strategy: regulation

A
  • body temperature does not vary with ambient temperatures
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20
Q

what is body temperature a reflection of

A
  • the thermal energy of the molecules in the body
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21
Q

describe the movement of thermal energy/heat fluxes (3)

A
  • can move between animals and the environment
  • thermal energy moves “down” a temperature gradient
  • many sources and sinks of thermal energy
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22
Q

what types of thermal energy contribute to total thermal energy (5)

A
  • metabolism
  • conduction
  • convection
  • radiation
  • evaporation
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23
Q

conduction

A
  • transfer of thermal energy from one object or fluid to another
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24
Q

heat flux symbol

A

Q

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25
Q

heat flux

A
  • rate of transfer from warm to cold
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26
Q

heat flux equation name

A
  • Fourier’s law
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27
Q

Fourier’s law

A

Q = λ * ΔT / L

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28
Q

Fourier’s Law: λ

A
  • thermal conductivity
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29
Q

Fourier’s Law: ΔT

A
  • temperature gradient
30
Q

Fourier’s Law: L

A
  • distance over which the gradient extends
31
Q

heat transfer mechanisms (4)

A
  • conduction
  • radiation
  • convection
  • evaporation
32
Q

heat transfer mechanisms: conduction (2)

A
  • gain or loss to the environment
  • transfer by direct contact
33
Q

heat transfer mechanisms: radiation (2)

A
  • gain or loss to the environment
  • transfer by means of electromagnetic radiation
34
Q

heat transfer mechanisms: convection

A
  • gain or loss to the environment
  • transfer to a moving medium
35
Q

what are examples a moving medium during convection (2)

A
  • breathing air or water
  • wind chill
36
Q

heat transfer mechanisms: evaporation

A
  • heat loss to the environment
  • transfer as a result of the latent heat of evaporation
37
Q

what are examples of the latent heat of evaporation (3)

A
  • sweating
  • breathing
  • drying
38
Q

why does sweating help to cool us down (2)

A
  • converting water from liquid to vapor uses energy
  • by covering body with water, it will evaporate and use energy to cool us down
39
Q

what aspects of our anatomy can change the rate of heat exchange (2)

A
  • surface area
  • surface insulation
40
Q

which organs are better at transferring heat (2)

A
  • respiratory organs
  • high surface area and low surface insulation
41
Q

what is the role of behaviour in heat transfer mechanisms

A
  • behaviour can alter rates of heat exchange
42
Q

what are the major determinants of heat exchange via conduction (2)

A
  • thermal conductivity
  • heat capacitance
43
Q

thermal conductivity

A
  • ability of heat energy to move within material
44
Q

how are thermal conductivity and insulation related

A
  • high conductivity = poor insulation
45
Q

heat capacitance

A
  • ability to store heat energy
46
Q

what is the heat capacitance in water vs air (2)

A
  • water can store 3000x more heat than air
  • water is considered a heat sink
47
Q

what do thermal conductivity and heat capacitance influence (3)

A
  • life in water vs air
  • insulation materials
  • behaviour
48
Q

how does the SA:V ratio affect heat exchange

A
  • high ratio increases rates of heat exchange
49
Q

compare the rates of heat exchange between large and small animals

A
  • large animals exchange heat more slowly than small animals
50
Q

Bergmann’s rule

A
  • mammals and birds living in cold environments tend to be larger
51
Q

Allen’s rule

A
  • mammals and birds in colder climates have smaller extremities
52
Q

what behaviours can affect SA:V ratio

A
  • body posture
  • huddling behaviour
53
Q

how does body posture affect heat exchange

A
  • can alter the exposed surface area
54
Q

how does huddling behaviour affect heat exchange

A
  • reduces effective surface area for heat exchange
55
Q

insulation

A
  • layer of material that reduces thermal exchange
56
Q

internal insulation

A
  • insulation under the skin
57
Q

internal insulation: example

A
  • blubber
58
Q

external insulation

A
  • insulation on the body surface
59
Q

external insulation: examples (4)

A
  • hair
  • feathers
  • air
  • water
60
Q

what determines the effectiveness of insulation

A
  • depends on the thickness
61
Q

what terms are used to describe the relative stability of body temperature (2)

A
  • piokilotherm
  • homeotherm
62
Q

poikilotherm

A
  • variable body temperature
63
Q

homeotherm

A
  • stably body temperature
64
Q

what are terms to describe the sources of thermal energy in animals (2)

A
  • ectotherm
  • endotherm
65
Q

ectotherm

A
  • environment determines body temperature
66
Q

endotherm

A
  • animal generates internal heat to maintain body temperature
67
Q

what animals are commonly classified as endothermic, homeotherms (2)

A
  • mammals
  • birds
68
Q

what animals are commonly classified as ectothermic poikilotherms (4)

A
  • amphibians
  • reptiles
  • fish
  • invertebrates
69
Q

what animals are homeothermic ectotherms

A
  • environment determines body temperature, but the environmental temperature is very constant
70
Q

what animals are endothermic poikilotherms

A
  • animals that experience a range of temperatures as they use their endothermy for specific situations (before flight, etc)

BIOL 364 (44 decks)

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