Respiration: Introduction & Basic Formulas Flashcards
1
Q
physiology
A
- study of how living animals function
2
Q
what topics does physiology connect/integrate (3)
A
- genes
- environment
- population
3
Q
comparative physiology
A
- comparisons between species to discover physiological and evolutional patterns
4
Q
environmental physiology
A
- evolutionary adaptations to the environmental that the animals are found in
5
Q
evolutionary physiology
A
- methods of evolutionary biology and systematics using physiology rather than anatomical/molecular markers to understand evolutionary patterns
6
Q
physiology: link between structure and function (2)
A
- links between structure and function exist at every level, including protein level
- specific amino acid residues alter protein tertiary and quaternary structure affecting protein or enzyme structure
7
Q
acclimatization
A
- adjustment that occurs when an animal moves to another natural environment
8
Q
acclimation (2)
A
- adjustment in response to a change in only one environmental variable
- adjustments are short term and reversible
9
Q
adaptation (3)
A
- refers to physiological trait that has been selected for over generations and is generally non-reversible
- based upon variability, heritability
- must confer differential survivorship to offspring to be selected for
10
Q
homeostasis (2)
A
- the tight regulation of the composition of cellular and intracellular space in most animals, relative to the external environment
- the tendency toward internal stability
11
Q
negative feedback system (2)
A
- pathway triggered by deviation in output
- produces changes in output in the opposite direction of the initial deviation
12
Q
positive feedback system (2)
A
- pathway triggered by deviation in output
- produces changes in output in the same direction of the initial deviation
13
Q
conforming
A
- system behaviour depends on changes in external environment
14
Q
how do unicellular and small multicellular organisms participate in gas exchange
A
- rely on diffusion
15
Q
why do unicellular and small multicellular organisms rely on diffusion for gas exchange (2)
A
- these organisms are very small, so there is sufficient surface area to volume ratio
- diffusion oxygen is sufficient to support metabolism
16
Q
how do larger organisms participate in gas exchange
A
- rely on combination of bulk flow and diffusion
17
Q
bulk flow systems (2)
A
- ventilation
- circulation
18
Q
bulk flow: ventilation
A
- moving medium (air or water) over respiratory surface (lung or gill)
19
Q
bulk flow: circulation
A
- transport of gases in circulatory system
20
Q
Fick equation
A
dQ/dt = D x A x (dC/dx)
21
Q
Fick equation: dQ/dt
A
rate of diffusion
22
Q
Fick equation: D
A
diffusion coefficient
23
Q
Fick equation: A
A
area of membrane
24
Q
Fick equation: dC/dx
A
- gradient
25
dC/dx: gases
- for gases, it is the partial pressure gradient (not concentration) per unit distance
26
what does the Fick equation tell us about
- the rate of diffusion
27
Fick equation: O2 transfer
MO2 = K A (PO2a/w - PO2b) / t
28
Fick equation: MO2
- oxygen consumption/transfer rate
29
Fick equation: K (2)
- Krogh's diffusion constant
- diffusion coefficient (D) x solubility
30
Fick equation; oxygen version: A
- surface area of the barrier that oxygen must cross
31
Fick equation: PO2a/w
- partial pressure of O2 in air or water
32
Fick equation: PO2b
- partial pressure of O2 in blood
33
Fick equation: PO2a/w - PO2b
- partial pressure gradient for O2 between blood and air/blood and water
34
Fick equation: t
- thickness of barrier
35
what characteristics of a barrier will maximize the rate of gas diffusion (3)
- high partial pressure gradient
- most possible barrier SA
- thinnest possible barrier thickness
36
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure (2)
- in a gas mixture, each gas exerts its own partial pressure
- the sum of all partial pressures is equal to the total pressure of the mixture
37
what determines the pressure exerted by a gas (2)
- the number of moles of the gas
- the volume of the chamber
38
what gases make up air (4)
- nitrogen
- oxygen
- argon
- carbon dioxide
39
what drives gas diffusion
- partial pressure
40
Henry's Law in words
- concentration of gas in liquid is proportional to its partial pressure
41
Henry's Law
[G] = Pgas x Sgas
42
Henry's Law: [G]
- concentration of the gas (moles/l)
43
Henry's Law: Pgas
- partial pressure of the gas (mmHg)
44
Henry's Law: Sgas
- solubility of the gas (moles/l/mmHg)
45
how do gas molecules diffuse into cells
- gas molecules in air must first dissolve in liquid to diffuse into a cell
46
why will there be higher [O2] in air than water in the same PO2
- solubility of O2 in water is lower than in air
47
what is the ratio (water:air) of O2 solubility (2)
- 1:30
- for every single oxygen molecule in water, there are 30 in the air
48
describe the relationship between oxygen partial pressure and concentration in air or water (2)
- concentration of O2 is proportional to partial pressure in air and water
- concentration is always lower in water than in air in the same PO2 due to differences in solubility
49
what is the ratio (water:air) of CO2 solubility (2)
- ~1
- for every single CO2 molecule in water, there is a single CO2 molecule in the air
50
compare the CO2 and O2 solubility in water (2)
- CO2 is 30 times more soluble than O2 in water
- large implications for gas exchange
51
diffusion of gases
- movement of molecules from high partial pressure to a low partial pressure
52
diffusion rates (2)
- slow over long distances
- fast over short distances
53
Boyle's Law (2)
- P1V1 = P2V2
- only applies to gases
54
Boyle's Law: P1V1
- initial pressure and volume of gas
55
Boyle's Law: P2V2
- final pressure and volume of gas
56
what is the compressibility of air and water (2)
- air is very compressible
- water is virtually incompressible
57
why doesn't Boyle's Law apply to liquids
- liquids are virtually incompressible
58
rate of flow equation
Q =△P/R
59
rate of flow equation: Q
- rate of flow
60
rate of flow equation: △P
- difference in pressure
61
rate of flow equation: R
- resistance to flow
62
how do you increase the rate of flow (2)
- increase the difference in pressure
- decrease the resistance to the flow
63
how do volume and SA change as radius increases
- as radius increases, volume increases faster than surface area
64
how do volume and SA change as organisms grow larger
- the ratio of SA to volume decreases
65
why can't larger animals rely on diffusion (2)
- limited SA available for diffusion
- increase in the diffusion distance
66
respiratory strategies: what happens to beating rate of cilia in snail embryos during hypoxia (2)
- cilia on eggs begin to increase beating rate
- increase flow of "new" water to embryos to access more O2, reducing boundary layer limitations
67
why do boundary layer limitations exist at cell surfaces
- flow rate is reduced due to resistance and friction
68
how can boundary layer limitations be broken
- increasing flow rate
69
regulating
- control internal environment irrespective to external environment to an extent
