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BIOL 364 > Respiration: Introduction & Basic Formulas > Flashcards

Respiration: Introduction & Basic Formulas Flashcards

1
Q

physiology

A
  • study of how living animals function
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2
Q

what topics does physiology connect/integrate (3)

A
  • genes
  • environment
  • population
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3
Q

comparative physiology

A
  • comparisons between species to discover physiological and evolutional patterns
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4
Q

environmental physiology

A
  • evolutionary adaptations to the environmental that the animals are found in
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5
Q

evolutionary physiology

A
  • methods of evolutionary biology and systematics using physiology rather than anatomical/molecular markers to understand evolutionary patterns
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6
Q

physiology: link between structure and function (2)

A
  • links between structure and function exist at every level, including protein level
  • specific amino acid residues alter protein tertiary and quaternary structure affecting protein or enzyme structure
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7
Q

acclimatization

A
  • adjustment that occurs when an animal moves to another natural environment
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8
Q

acclimation (2)

A
  • adjustment in response to a change in only one environmental variable
  • adjustments are short term and reversible
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9
Q

adaptation (3)

A
  • refers to physiological trait that has been selected for over generations and is generally non-reversible
  • based upon variability, heritability
  • must confer differential survivorship to offspring to be selected for
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10
Q

homeostasis (2)

A
  • the tight regulation of the composition of cellular and intracellular space in most animals, relative to the external environment
  • the tendency toward internal stability
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11
Q

negative feedback system (2)

A
  • pathway triggered by deviation in output
  • produces changes in output in the opposite direction of the initial deviation
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12
Q

positive feedback system (2)

A
  • pathway triggered by deviation in output
  • produces changes in output in the same direction of the initial deviation
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13
Q

conforming

A
  • system behaviour depends on changes in external environment
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14
Q

how do unicellular and small multicellular organisms participate in gas exchange

A
  • rely on diffusion
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15
Q

why do unicellular and small multicellular organisms rely on diffusion for gas exchange (2)

A
  • these organisms are very small, so there is sufficient surface area to volume ratio
  • diffusion oxygen is sufficient to support metabolism
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16
Q

how do larger organisms participate in gas exchange

A
  • rely on combination of bulk flow and diffusion
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17
Q

bulk flow systems (2)

A
  • ventilation
  • circulation
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18
Q

bulk flow: ventilation

A
  • moving medium (air or water) over respiratory surface (lung or gill)
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19
Q

bulk flow: circulation

A
  • transport of gases in circulatory system
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20
Q

Fick equation

A

dQ/dt = D x A x (dC/dx)

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21
Q

Fick equation: dQ/dt

A

rate of diffusion

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22
Q

Fick equation: D

A

diffusion coefficient

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23
Q

Fick equation: A

A

area of membrane

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24
Q

Fick equation: dC/dx

A
  • gradient
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25
Q

dC/dx: gases

A
  • for gases, it is the partial pressure gradient (not concentration) per unit distance
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26
Q

what does the Fick equation tell us about

A
  • the rate of diffusion
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27
Q

Fick equation: O2 transfer

A

MO2 = K A (PO2a/w - PO2b) / t

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28
Q

Fick equation: MO2

A
  • oxygen consumption/transfer rate
29
Q

Fick equation: K (2)

A
  • Krogh’s diffusion constant
  • diffusion coefficient (D) x solubility
30
Q

Fick equation; oxygen version: A

A
  • surface area of the barrier that oxygen must cross
31
Q

Fick equation: PO2a/w

A
  • partial pressure of O2 in air or water
32
Q

Fick equation: PO2b

A
  • partial pressure of O2 in blood
33
Q

Fick equation: PO2a/w - PO2b

A
  • partial pressure gradient for O2 between blood and air/blood and water
34
Q

Fick equation: t

A
  • thickness of barrier
35
Q

what characteristics of a barrier will maximize the rate of gas diffusion (3)

A
  • high partial pressure gradient
  • most possible barrier SA
  • thinnest possible barrier thickness
36
Q

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure (2)

A
  • in a gas mixture, each gas exerts its own partial pressure
  • the sum of all partial pressures is equal to the total pressure of the mixture
37
Q

what determines the pressure exerted by a gas (2)

A
  • the number of moles of the gas
  • the volume of the chamber
38
Q

what gases make up air (4)

A
  • nitrogen
  • oxygen
  • argon
  • carbon dioxide
39
Q

what drives gas diffusion

A
  • partial pressure
40
Q

Henry’s Law in words

A
  • concentration of gas in liquid is proportional to its partial pressure
41
Q

Henry’s Law

A

[G] = Pgas x Sgas

42
Q

Henry’s Law: [G]

A
  • concentration of the gas (moles/l)
43
Q

Henry’s Law: Pgas

A
  • partial pressure of the gas (mmHg)
44
Q

Henry’s Law: Sgas

A
  • solubility of the gas (moles/l/mmHg)
45
Q

how do gas molecules diffuse into cells

A
  • gas molecules in air must first dissolve in liquid to diffuse into a cell
46
Q

why will there be higher [O2] in air than water in the same PO2

A
  • solubility of O2 in water is lower than in air
47
Q

what is the ratio (water:air) of O2 solubility (2)

A
  • 1:30
  • for every single oxygen molecule in water, there are 30 in the air
48
Q

describe the relationship between oxygen partial pressure and concentration in air or water (2)

A
  • concentration of O2 is proportional to partial pressure in air and water
  • concentration is always lower in water than in air in the same PO2 due to differences in solubility
49
Q

what is the ratio (water:air) of CO2 solubility (2)

A
  • ~1
  • for every single CO2 molecule in water, there is a single CO2 molecule in the air
50
Q

compare the CO2 and O2 solubility in water (2)

A
  • CO2 is 30 times more soluble than O2 in water
  • large implications for gas exchange
51
Q

diffusion of gases

A
  • movement of molecules from high partial pressure to a low partial pressure
52
Q

diffusion rates (2)

A
  • slow over long distances
  • fast over short distances
53
Q

Boyle’s Law (2)

A
  • P1V1 = P2V2
  • only applies to gases
54
Q

Boyle’s Law: P1V1

A
  • initial pressure and volume of gas
55
Q

Boyle’s Law: P2V2

A
  • final pressure and volume of gas
56
Q

what is the compressibility of air and water (2)

A
  • air is very compressible
  • water is virtually incompressible
57
Q

why doesn’t Boyle’s Law apply to liquids

A
  • liquids are virtually incompressible
58
Q

rate of flow equation

A

Q =△P/R

59
Q

rate of flow equation: Q

A
  • rate of flow
60
Q

rate of flow equation: △P

A
  • difference in pressure
61
Q

rate of flow equation: R

A
  • resistance to flow
62
Q

how do you increase the rate of flow (2)

A
  • increase the difference in pressure
  • decrease the resistance to the flow
63
Q

how do volume and SA change as radius increases

A
  • as radius increases, volume increases faster than surface area
64
Q

how do volume and SA change as organisms grow larger

A
  • the ratio of SA to volume decreases
65
Q

why can’t larger animals rely on diffusion (2)

A
  • limited SA available for diffusion
  • increase in the diffusion distance
66
Q

respiratory strategies: what happens to beating rate of cilia in snail embryos during hypoxia (2)

A
  • cilia on eggs begin to increase beating rate
  • increase flow of “new” water to embryos to access more O2, reducing boundary layer limitations
67
Q

why do boundary layer limitations exist at cell surfaces

A
  • flow rate is reduced due to resistance and friction
68
Q

how can boundary layer limitations be broken

A
  • increasing flow rate
69
Q

regulating

A
  • control internal environment irrespective to external environment to an extent

BIOL 364 (44 decks)

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