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BIOL 364 > Respiration Questions > Flashcards

Respiration Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Blood flow through the gills of an elasmobranch is arranged in what kind of fashion?
- crosscurrent
- convection
- countercurrent
- concurrent

A

countercurrent

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2
Q

Bronchoconstriction increases the work required to breathe because of:
- decreased intrapleural pressure
- decreased elastance
- increased lung compliance
- increased airway resistance

A

increased airway resistance

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3
Q

The main reason tidal ventilation is rarely found in aquatic organisms is because:
- None of the above
- The diffusion coefficient of oxygen in water is lower than for CO2 in water
- The density of water is higher than that of air
- The question is not correct – tidal ventilation is just as common among water breathers as air breathers
- The solubility of oxygen in water is lower than for CO2 in water

A

the density of water is higher than that of air

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4
Q

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is:
- equal to the pressure in the atmosphere
- equal to the partial pressure of oxygen in the bloodstream
- greater than the intra-alveolar pressure
- less than the pressure in the atmosphere
- greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

A

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

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5
Q

In birds, fresh air from the environment moves primarily into the:
- buccal cavity
- posterior air sacs
- anterior air sacs
- lungs

A

posterior air sacs

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6
Q

Bird lungs are efficient because of:
- countercurrent blood flow
- their large size and high surface area
- unidirectional and continuous air flow
- capacity for discontinuous ventilation

A

unidirectional and continuous air flow

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7
Q

In most mammals, the effect of increased 2,3-DPG in the blood:
- causes anemia
- decreases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin
- increases iron content of hemoglobin
- increases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin

A

decreases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin

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8
Q

How is an increased blood P50 beneficial?
- better blood buffering capacity
- better oxygen unloading at the tissues
- better oxygen loading at the lungs
- better iron content of hemoglobin

A

better oxygen unloading at the tissues

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9
Q

In the red blood cells of vertebrates, which of the following is not correct:
- carbon dioxide removal from the tissues enhances oxygen delivery
- oxygen uptake enhances carbon dioxide removal at the gas exchanger
- carbon dioxide removal enhances oxygen uptake at the gas exchanger
- oxygen delivery to the tissues impairs carbon dioxide removal

A

oxygen delivery to the tissues impairs carbon dioxide removal

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10
Q

Many vertebrates’ response to hypoxia is contraction of which organ?
- liver
- lung
- pancreas
- spleen

A

spleen

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11
Q

Hypoxemia can be caused by all of the following except:
- inadequate ventilation
- reduced activity level
- some disease states
- reduced hemoglobin content

A
  • reduced activity level
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12
Q

Immediate exposure to environmental hypoxia leads to the following pathological response:
- decreased ventilation
- vasoconstriction of pulmonary arterioles
- decreased red blood cells
- reduced tidal volume

A

vasoconstriction of pulmonary arterioles

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13
Q

Acute mountain sickness is in part caused by
- hypercapnia induced decrease in ventilation
- hypercapnia induced increase in ventilation
- hypocapnia induced decrease in ventilation
- hypocapnia induced increase in ventilation

A
  • hypercapnia induced decrease in ventilation
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14
Q

The Haldane effect is thought to be important for:
- shifting the oxygen equilibrium curve to optimize gas exchange
- preventing too much carbon dioxide excretion
- carbon dioxide removal from muscle
- oxygen delivery to tissues

A

carbon dioxide removal from muscle

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15
Q

True or False:
When alveolar ventilation is greater than is needed to remove CO2 produced by metabolism, this is called hypoventilation

A

False

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16
Q

True or False:
When ventilation is greater than is need to remove CO2 produced by metabolism and pH increases in the blood, this is called a metabolic alkalosis

A

False

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17
Q

Which of the following factors is NOT required for high efficiency gas exchange?
A) moist surface
B) large surface area
C) low diffusion distance
D) high cell volume

A

high cell volume

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18
Q

Which of the choices below ultimately determines the direction of respiratory gas diffusion across a
membrane?
A) its solubility in water
B) the partial pressure gradient
C) the temperature of the system
D) the concentration gradient

A

the partial pressure gradient

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19
Q

Carbon dioxide dissolves more rapidly in water than oxygen because
A) CO2 has a greater diffusion coefficient in water than oxygen
B) CO2 has a lower diffusion coefficient in water than oxygen
C) CO2 has a greater solubility in water than oxygen
D) CO2 has a lower solubility in water than oxygen

A

CO2 has a greater solubility in water than oxygen

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20
Q

The formation of a boundary layer at the respiratory surface effectively acts to:
A) increase diffusion rates
B) decrease the partial pressure gradient
C) decrease the potential surface area for diffusion
D) decrease the diffusion distance
E) None of the above

A
  • decrease in partial pressure gradient
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21
Q

In a teleost fish, water enters the mouth when the
A) operculum closes
B) buccal cavity expands
C) opercular cavity expands
D) gills contract

A
  • opercular cavity expands
22
Q

The main reason tidal ventilation is rarely found in aquatic organisms is because:
A) The density of water is higher than that of air
B) The diffusion coefficient of oxygen in water is lower than for CO2 in water
C) The solubility of oxygen in water is lower than for CO2 in water
D) The question is not correct – tidal ventilation is just as common among water breathers as air
breathers
E) None of the above

A
  • the density of water is higher than that of air
23
Q

Choose the most correct response. Which type of flow is most efficient?
A) concurrent
B) counter current
C) cross current
D) it depends on the rate of flow of both the blood and the respiratory medium

A
  • it depends on the rate of flow of both the flood and the respiratory medium
24
Q

A lamprey is capable of
A) tidal ventilation
B) unidirectional ventilation
C) both A and B
D) neither A and B

A

both A and B

25
Q

The immediate response to high altitude in humans includes all except the following
A) reduction in alveolar PO2
B) reduction in tissue PO2
C) decrease in 2,3 DPG
D) respiratory alkalosis

A
  • decrease in 2,3 DPG
26
Q

In different populations of deer mice, the P50 of the blood
A) increases with altitude due to an increase in red blood cell 2,3 DPG
B) decreases with altitude due to an increase in red blood cell 2,3 DPG
C) increases with altitude due to an reduction in red blood cell 2,3 DPG
D) decreases with altitude due to an reduction in red blood cell 2,3 DPG

A

decreases with altitude due to a reduction in RBC 2,3 DPG

27
Q

A vertebrate can store oxygen in a variety of places except
A) blood
B) muscle
C) lungs
D) hemocoel

A

hemoceol

28
Q

The “bends” occur in divers when
A) divers dive to a depth below 100 m
B) the gas content of tissues exceeds the solubility of that gas
C) nucleation sites exist in the circulatory system
D) divers don’t exhale as they ascend

A

the gas content of tissues exceeds the solubility of that gas

29
Q

Mean arterial pressure is maintained constant during a dive in mammals
A) to ensure constant perfusion to tissues receiving blood flow
B) by increasing stroke volume to compensate for a reduction in heart rate
C) by increasing blood flow to most tissues
D) by increasing the radius of peripheral blood vessels

A

to ensure constant perfusion to tissues receiving blood flow

30
Q

True or False:
Activation of peripheral chemoreceptors due to low environment PO2, directly stimulated an increase in kidney erythropoietin production.

A

False

31
Q

True or False:
In the oxygen transport cascade, the only step that is greatly modified in high altitude adapted
animals is the lung.

A

False

32
Q

True or False:
Diving animals do not get the bends because they are breath-hold divers not SCUBA divers

A

False

33
Q

Tidal ventilation is:
a. The movement of water over the gills in most fish
b. The movement of water across the respiratory surfaces of intertidal invertebrates
c. The movement of ventilatory medium in and out of the respiratory chamber
d. When the partial pressure of oxygen in the medium is variable in a diurnal rhythm

A

The movement of ventilatory medium in and out of the respiratory chamber

34
Q

Which of the choices below ultimately determines the direction of respiratory gas diffusion across a
membrane?
a. Its solubility in water
b. The partial pressure gradient
c. The temperature of the system
d. The concentration gradient

A

the partial pressure gradient

35
Q

Generally reptiles fill their lungs through:
a. Aspiration
b. Force of the buccal pump
c. Passive air entry
d. Pressure changes due to body movement

A

aspiration

36
Q

The main reason tidal ventilation is rarely found in aquatic organisms is because:
a. The diffusion coefficient of oxygen in water is lower than for CO2 in water
b. The density of water is higher than that of air
c. The solubility of oxygen in water is lower than for CO2 in water
d. The question is not correct – tidal ventilation is just as common among water breathers as air
breathers

A

the density of water is higher than that of air

37
Q

When the thoracic cavity is at rest the pressure inside the lungs equals the atmospheric pressure,
which is approximately 1 atm or 760mm Hg. In order for air to flow into the lungs:
a. The volume of the thoracic cavity must be reduced
b. Pressure in the lungs must be increased
c. Pressure in the lungs must be greater than the atmospheric pressure
d. Lung volume must increase and lung pressure decrease

A

Lung volume must increase and lung pressure decrease

38
Q

Insects have highly efficient oxygen delivery to tissues because:
a. Hemocyanin carries large amounts of oxygen to the tissues
b. The insect tracheal system allows gaseous oxygen to diffuse to the tissues
c. Insect bronchii have low resistance allowing efficient ventilation
d. Insects have a low surface area to volume ratio
e. The spiracles promote active gas exchange

A

The insect tracheal system allows gaseous oxygen to diffuse to the tissues

39
Q

The right shift of the oxygen equilibrium curve indicates:
a. A decrease in blood P50
b. A decrease in blood-oxygen affinity
c. A stabilization of the “R”-state
d. Hemoglobin degradation

A

A decrease in blood-oxygen affinity

40
Q

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin to the
peripheral tissues in humans?
a. Decreased temperature
b. Decreased pH
c. Increased tissue PO2
d. Increased calcium

A

decreased pH

41
Q

Which of the following statements is most correct:
a. The Root effect is a right shift of the hemoglobin oxygen equilibrium curve in response to low
pH.
b. The Root effect is a left shift of the hemoglobin oxygen equilibrium curve in response to low pH.
c. The Root effect is a reduction in oxygen carrying capacity in response to low pH.
d. The Root effect is a reduction in oxygen carrying capacity in response to high pH

A

The Root effect is a reduction in oxygen carrying capacity in response to low pH

42
Q

Which of the following is not involved in swimbladder inflation at depth:
a. The Root effect
b. The rete mirabile
c. Concurrent blood flow
d. A gas gland

A

concurrent blood flow

43
Q

In vertebrates, most of the bicarbonate in the blood is carried in the:
a. Mitochondria
b. Red blood cell
c. Plasma
d. Metabolon

A

plasma

44
Q

Blood CO2 content is carried in the form of all the following except:
a. Dissolved CO2
b. Bicarbonate
c. Carbaminohemoglobin
d. Carbonate

A

carbonate

45
Q

Which of the following statements regarding ventilatory control in mammals is false:
a. Hypoventilation causes an increase in plasma pH
b. Hyperventilation causes more CO2 to be offloaded from RBCs at the respiratory surface
c. Ventilation is routinely used to maintain blood pH between 6.8 and 7.7
d. Respiratory frequency and depth can be partly altered through sheer force of will

A

Hypoventilation causes an increase in plasma pH

46
Q

Many vertebrates cope with hypoxia by:
a. Enlarging the spleen
b. Making more red blood cells
c. Using an alternate respiratory pigment
d. Decreasing hematocrit

A

making more red blood cells

47
Q

According to the Fick Equation, if during exposure to hypoxia, total gill surface area increases 3 fold
and thickness is reduced by 50%, O2 uptake across the gills should increase:
a. 3 fold
b. 6 fold
c. 2 fold
d. A different equation must be used to make this calculation

A

6-fold

48
Q

In different populations of deer mice, the P50 of the blood:
a. Increases with altitude due to an increase in red blood cell 2,3 DPG
b. Decreases with altitude due to an increase in red blood cell 2,3 DPG
c. Increases with altitude due to a reduction in red blood cell 2,3 DPG
d. Decreases with altitude due to a reduction in red blood cell 2,3 DPG

A

Decreases with altitude due to a reduction in red blood cell 2,3 DPG

49
Q

The “bends” occur in divers when:
a. Divers dive to a depth below 100 m
b. The gas content of tissues exceeds the solubility of that gas
c. Nucleation sites exist in the circulatory system
d. Divers don’t exhale as they ascend

A

The gas content of tissues exceeds the solubility of that gas

50
Q

Mean arterial pressure is maintained constant during a dive in mammals:
a. By increasing blood flow to most tissues
b. By increasing stroke volume to compensate for a reduction in heart rate
c. To ensure constant perfusion to tissues receiving blood flow
d. By increasing the radius of peripheral blood vessels

A

To ensure constant perfusion to tissues receiving blood flow

51
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the:
a. Pons
b. Alveoli
c. Walls of the aorta and carotid sinus
d. Medulla oblongata
e. Walls of the secondary bronchi

A

walls and aorta and carotid sinus

52
Q

The sigmoidal shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve (OEC) for hemoglobin-oxygen binding is
functionally beneficial because:
a. It increases the efficiency of oxygen loading at the gas exchanger
b. It increases the efficiency of oxygen off-loading at the tissues
c. It prevents excessive oxygen loss at the tissues
d. It increases the efficiency of oxygen loading at the gas exchanger and It increases the
efficiency of oxygen off-loading at the tissue

A

It increases the efficiency of oxygen loading at the gas exchanger and It increases the
efficiency of oxygen off-loading at the tissue

BIOL 364 (44 decks)

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