Respiration Questions Flashcards by Sakura Kubota

Blood flow through the gills of an elasmobranch is arranged in what kind of fashion?
- crosscurrent
- convection
- countercurrent
- concurrent

countercurrent

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Bronchoconstriction increases the work required to breathe because of:
- decreased intrapleural pressure
- decreased elastance
- increased lung compliance
- increased airway resistance

increased airway resistance

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The main reason tidal ventilation is rarely found in aquatic organisms is because:
- None of the above
- The diffusion coefficient of oxygen in water is lower than for CO2 in water
- The density of water is higher than that of air
- The question is not correct – tidal ventilation is just as common among water breathers as air breathers
- The solubility of oxygen in water is lower than for CO2 in water

the density of water is higher than that of air

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Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is:
- equal to the pressure in the atmosphere
- equal to the partial pressure of oxygen in the bloodstream
- greater than the intra-alveolar pressure
- less than the pressure in the atmosphere
- greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

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In birds, fresh air from the environment moves primarily into the:
- buccal cavity
- posterior air sacs
- anterior air sacs
- lungs

posterior air sacs

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Bird lungs are efficient because of:
- countercurrent blood flow
- their large size and high surface area
- unidirectional and continuous air flow
- capacity for discontinuous ventilation

unidirectional and continuous air flow

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In most mammals, the effect of increased 2,3-DPG in the blood:
- causes anemia
- decreases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin
- increases iron content of hemoglobin
- increases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin

decreases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin

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How is an increased blood P50 beneficial?
- better blood buffering capacity
- better oxygen unloading at the tissues
- better oxygen loading at the lungs
- better iron content of hemoglobin

better oxygen unloading at the tissues

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In the red blood cells of vertebrates, which of the following is not correct:
- carbon dioxide removal from the tissues enhances oxygen delivery
- oxygen uptake enhances carbon dioxide removal at the gas exchanger
- carbon dioxide removal enhances oxygen uptake at the gas exchanger
- oxygen delivery to the tissues impairs carbon dioxide removal

oxygen delivery to the tissues impairs carbon dioxide removal

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Many vertebrates’ response to hypoxia is contraction of which organ?
- liver
- lung
- pancreas
- spleen

spleen

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Hypoxemia can be caused by all of the following except:
- inadequate ventilation
- reduced activity level
- some disease states
- reduced hemoglobin content

reduced activity level

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Immediate exposure to environmental hypoxia leads to the following pathological response:
- decreased ventilation
- vasoconstriction of pulmonary arterioles
- decreased red blood cells
- reduced tidal volume

vasoconstriction of pulmonary arterioles

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Acute mountain sickness is in part caused by
- hypercapnia induced decrease in ventilation
- hypercapnia induced increase in ventilation
- hypocapnia induced decrease in ventilation
- hypocapnia induced increase in ventilation

hypercapnia induced decrease in ventilation

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The Haldane effect is thought to be important for:
- shifting the oxygen equilibrium curve to optimize gas exchange
- preventing too much carbon dioxide excretion
- carbon dioxide removal from muscle
- oxygen delivery to tissues

carbon dioxide removal from muscle

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True or False:
When alveolar ventilation is greater than is needed to remove CO2 produced by metabolism, this is called hypoventilation

False

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True or False:
When ventilation is greater than is need to remove CO2 produced by metabolism and pH increases in the blood, this is called a metabolic alkalosis

False

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Which of the following factors is NOT required for high efficiency gas exchange?
A) moist surface
B) large surface area
C) low diffusion distance
D) high cell volume

high cell volume

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Which of the choices below ultimately determines the direction of respiratory gas diffusion across a
membrane?
A) its solubility in water
B) the partial pressure gradient
C) the temperature of the system
D) the concentration gradient

the partial pressure gradient

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Carbon dioxide dissolves more rapidly in water than oxygen because
A) CO2 has a greater diffusion coefficient in water than oxygen
B) CO2 has a lower diffusion coefficient in water than oxygen
C) CO2 has a greater solubility in water than oxygen
D) CO2 has a lower solubility in water than oxygen

CO2 has a greater solubility in water than oxygen

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The formation of a boundary layer at the respiratory surface effectively acts to:
A) increase diffusion rates
B) decrease the partial pressure gradient
C) decrease the potential surface area for diffusion
D) decrease the diffusion distance
E) None of the above

decrease in partial pressure gradient

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In a teleost fish, water enters the mouth when the
A) operculum closes
B) buccal cavity expands
C) opercular cavity expands
D) gills contract

opercular cavity expands

The main reason tidal ventilation is rarely found in aquatic organisms is because:
A) The density of water is higher than that of air
B) The diffusion coefficient of oxygen in water is lower than for CO2 in water
C) The solubility of oxygen in water is lower than for CO2 in water
D) The question is not correct – tidal ventilation is just as common among water breathers as air
breathers
E) None of the above

the density of water is higher than that of air

Choose the most correct response. Which type of flow is most efficient?
A) concurrent
B) counter current
C) cross current
D) it depends on the rate of flow of both the blood and the respiratory medium

it depends on the rate of flow of both the flood and the respiratory medium

A lamprey is capable of
A) tidal ventilation
B) unidirectional ventilation
C) both A and B
D) neither A and B

both A and B

The immediate response to high altitude in humans includes all except the following A) reduction in alveolar PO2 B) reduction in tissue PO2 C) decrease in 2,3 DPG D) respiratory alkalosis

- decrease in 2,3 DPG

In different populations of deer mice, the P50 of the blood A) increases with altitude due to an increase in red blood cell 2,3 DPG B) decreases with altitude due to an increase in red blood cell 2,3 DPG C) increases with altitude due to an reduction in red blood cell 2,3 DPG D) decreases with altitude due to an reduction in red blood cell 2,3 DPG

decreases with altitude due to a reduction in RBC 2,3 DPG

A vertebrate can store oxygen in a variety of places except A) blood B) muscle C) lungs D) hemocoel

hemoceol

The “bends” occur in divers when A) divers dive to a depth below 100 m B) the gas content of tissues exceeds the solubility of that gas C) nucleation sites exist in the circulatory system D) divers don’t exhale as they ascend

the gas content of tissues exceeds the solubility of that gas

Mean arterial pressure is maintained constant during a dive in mammals A) to ensure constant perfusion to tissues receiving blood flow B) by increasing stroke volume to compensate for a reduction in heart rate C) by increasing blood flow to most tissues D) by increasing the radius of peripheral blood vessels

to ensure constant perfusion to tissues receiving blood flow

**True or False:** Activation of peripheral chemoreceptors due to low environment PO2, directly stimulated an increase in kidney erythropoietin production.

False

**True or False:** In the oxygen transport cascade, the only step that is greatly modified in high altitude adapted animals is the lung.

False

**True or False:** Diving animals do not get the bends because they are breath-hold divers not SCUBA divers

False

Tidal ventilation is: a. The movement of water over the gills in most fish b. The movement of water across the respiratory surfaces of intertidal invertebrates c. The movement of ventilatory medium in and out of the respiratory chamber d. When the partial pressure of oxygen in the medium is variable in a diurnal rhythm

The movement of ventilatory medium in and out of the respiratory chamber

Which of the choices below ultimately determines the direction of respiratory gas diffusion across a membrane? a. Its solubility in water b. The partial pressure gradient c. The temperature of the system d. The concentration gradient

the partial pressure gradient

Generally reptiles fill their lungs through: a. Aspiration b. Force of the buccal pump c. Passive air entry d. Pressure changes due to body movement

aspiration

The main reason tidal ventilation is rarely found in aquatic organisms is because: a. The diffusion coefficient of oxygen in water is lower than for CO2 in water b. The density of water is higher than that of air c. The solubility of oxygen in water is lower than for CO2 in water d. The question is not correct – tidal ventilation is just as common among water breathers as air breathers

the density of water is higher than that of air

When the thoracic cavity is at rest the pressure inside the lungs equals the atmospheric pressure, which is approximately 1 atm or 760mm Hg. In order for air to flow into the lungs: a. The volume of the thoracic cavity must be reduced b. Pressure in the lungs must be increased c. Pressure in the lungs must be greater than the atmospheric pressure d. Lung volume must increase and lung pressure decrease

Lung volume must increase and lung pressure decrease

Insects have highly efficient oxygen delivery to tissues because: a. Hemocyanin carries large amounts of oxygen to the tissues b. The insect tracheal system allows gaseous oxygen to diffuse to the tissues c. Insect bronchii have low resistance allowing efficient ventilation d. Insects have a low surface area to volume ratio e. The spiracles promote active gas exchange

The insect tracheal system allows gaseous oxygen to diffuse to the tissues

The right shift of the oxygen equilibrium curve indicates: a. A decrease in blood P50 b. A decrease in blood-oxygen affinity c. A stabilization of the “R”-state d. Hemoglobin degradation

A decrease in blood-oxygen affinity

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin to the peripheral tissues in humans? a. Decreased temperature b. Decreased pH c. Increased tissue PO2 d. Increased calcium

decreased pH

Which of the following statements is most correct: a. The Root effect is a right shift of the hemoglobin oxygen equilibrium curve in response to low pH. b. The Root effect is a left shift of the hemoglobin oxygen equilibrium curve in response to low pH. c. The Root effect is a reduction in oxygen carrying capacity in response to low pH. d. The Root effect is a reduction in oxygen carrying capacity in response to high pH

The Root effect is a reduction in oxygen carrying capacity in response to low pH

Which of the following is not involved in swimbladder inflation at depth: a. The Root effect b. The rete mirabile c. Concurrent blood flow d. A gas gland

concurrent blood flow

In vertebrates, most of the bicarbonate in the blood is carried in the: a. Mitochondria b. Red blood cell c. Plasma d. Metabolon

plasma

Blood CO2 content is carried in the form of all the following except: a. Dissolved CO2 b. Bicarbonate c. Carbaminohemoglobin d. Carbonate

carbonate

Which of the following statements regarding ventilatory control in mammals is false: a. Hypoventilation causes an increase in plasma pH b. Hyperventilation causes more CO2 to be offloaded from RBCs at the respiratory surface c. Ventilation is routinely used to maintain blood pH between 6.8 and 7.7 d. Respiratory frequency and depth can be partly altered through sheer force of will

Hypoventilation causes an increase in plasma pH

Many vertebrates cope with hypoxia by: a. Enlarging the spleen b. Making more red blood cells c. Using an alternate respiratory pigment d. Decreasing hematocrit

making more red blood cells

According to the Fick Equation, if during exposure to hypoxia, total gill surface area increases 3 fold and thickness is reduced by 50%, O2 uptake across the gills should increase: a. 3 fold b. 6 fold c. 2 fold d. A different equation must be used to make this calculation

6-fold

In different populations of deer mice, the P50 of the blood: a. Increases with altitude due to an increase in red blood cell 2,3 DPG b. Decreases with altitude due to an increase in red blood cell 2,3 DPG c. Increases with altitude due to a reduction in red blood cell 2,3 DPG d. Decreases with altitude due to a reduction in red blood cell 2,3 DPG

Decreases with altitude due to a reduction in red blood cell 2,3 DPG

The “bends” occur in divers when: a. Divers dive to a depth below 100 m b. The gas content of tissues exceeds the solubility of that gas c. Nucleation sites exist in the circulatory system d. Divers don’t exhale as they ascend

The gas content of tissues exceeds the solubility of that gas

Mean arterial pressure is maintained constant during a dive in mammals: a. By increasing blood flow to most tissues b. By increasing stroke volume to compensate for a reduction in heart rate c. To ensure constant perfusion to tissues receiving blood flow d. By increasing the radius of peripheral blood vessels

To ensure constant perfusion to tissues receiving blood flow

Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the: a. Pons b. Alveoli c. Walls of the aorta and carotid sinus d. Medulla oblongata e. Walls of the secondary bronchi

walls and aorta and carotid sinus

The sigmoidal shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve (OEC) for hemoglobin-oxygen binding is functionally beneficial because: a. It increases the efficiency of oxygen loading at the gas exchanger b. It increases the efficiency of oxygen off-loading at the tissues c. It prevents excessive oxygen loss at the tissues d. It increases the efficiency of oxygen loading at the gas exchanger and It increases the efficiency of oxygen off-loading at the tissue

It increases the efficiency of oxygen loading at the gas exchanger and It increases the efficiency of oxygen off-loading at the tissue