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BIOL 364 > Ion and Water Balance 2 > Flashcards

Ion and Water Balance 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how are solutes classified

A
  • by their effects on macromolecules
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2
Q

what are the classifications of solutes (3)

A
  • perturbing
  • compatible
  • counteracting
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3
Q

perturbing solutes (2)

A
  • disrupt macromolecular function
  • change structure/function of proteins/enzymes
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4
Q

perturbing solutes: examples (5)

A
  • Na+
  • K+
  • Cl-
  • SO4+
  • charged amino acids
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5
Q

compatible solutes

A
  • little affect on macromolecular function
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6
Q

compatible solutes: examples (2)

A
  • polyols (glycerol, glucose)
  • uncharged amino acids
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7
Q

counteracting solutes (2)

A
  • disrupt function on their own
  • counteract disruptive effects of other solutes when employed in combination
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8
Q

counteracting solutes: examples (2)

A
  • urea
  • TMAO
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9
Q

Km

A
  • affinity of an enzyme for a substrate
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10
Q

what do changes in Km indicate

A
  • changes in Km allude to disruptions in enzyme function
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11
Q

epithelial tissue (2)

A
  • form boundary between animal and environment
  • involved in physiological functions such as respiration, digestion, and ion and osmoregulation
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12
Q

how do animals compensate for passive ion and water movements

A
  • active transport of ions across osmoregulatory epithelia
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13
Q

what are the primarily osmoregulatory epithelia of vertebrates (3)

A
  • gills
  • kidney
  • digestive system
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14
Q

why is drinking salt water lethal for humans (2)

A
  • urine is less concentrated then sea water
  • will lead to dehydration
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15
Q

what is a function unique to the kidneys of birds/mammals

A
  • produce concentrated (hyperosmotic relative to blood) urine
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16
Q

marine elasmobranch
- blood [ ] relative to environment
- urine [ ] relative to blood

A
  • slightly hyperosmotic
  • isoosmotic
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17
Q

marine elasmobranch: osmoregulatory mechanisms (2)

A
  • does not drink seawater
  • hyperosmotic NaCl from rectal gland
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18
Q

marine teleost:
- blood [ ] relative to environment
- urine [ ] relative to blood

A
  • hypoosmotic
  • isoosmotic
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19
Q

marine teleost: osmoregulatory mechanisms (2)

A
  • drinks sea water
  • secretes salt from the gills
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20
Q

freshwater teleost:
- blood [ ] relative to environment
- urine [ ] relative to blood

A
  • hyperosmotic
  • hypoosmotic
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21
Q

freshwater teleost: osmoregulatory mechanisms (3)

A
  • drinks no water
  • absorbs salt with gills
  • produces large quantities of urine
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22
Q

amphibian:
- blood [ ] relative to environment
- urine [ ] relative to blood

A
  • hyperosmotic
  • hypoosmotic
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23
Q

amphibian: osmoregulatory mechanisms

A
  • absorbs salts through skin
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24
Q

marine reptile:
- blood [ ] relative to environment
- urine [ ] relative to blood

A
  • hypoosmotic
  • isoosmotic
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25
Q

marine reptile: osmoregulatory mechanisms (2)

A
  • drinks seawater
  • hyperosmotic salt-gland secretion
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26
Q

desert mammal:
- urine [ ] relative to blood

A
  • hyperosmotic
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27
Q

desert mammal: osmoregulatory mechanisms (2)

A
  • drinks no water, depends on metabolic water instead
  • produces concentrated urine to conservewater
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28
Q

marine mammal:
- blood [ ] relative to environment
- urine [ ] relative to blood

A
  • hypoosmotic
  • hyperosmotic
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29
Q

marine mammal: osmoregulatory mechanisms

A
  • does not drink seawater
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30
Q

marine bird:
- urine [ ] relative to blood

A
  • hyperosmotic
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31
Q

marine bird: osmoregulatory mammal (2)

A
  • drinks seawater
  • hyperosmotic salt-gland secretion
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32
Q

why can marine birds drinks seawater (2)

A
  • their kidneys alone cannot produce more concentrated urine than seawater
  • additional salt secretion gland allow for birds to handle seawater
33
Q

terrestrial bird:
- urine [ ] relative to blood

A
  • hyperosmotic
34
Q

terrestrial bird: osmoregulatory mechanism

A
  • drinks freshwater
35
Q

what are the properties of epithelial tissue that allows for ion movement (4)

A
  • asymmetrical distribution of membrane transporters
  • cells are interconnected to form an impermeable sheet of tissue
  • high cell diversity within tissues
  • mitochondria-rich cells to provide ATP for transport
36
Q

what terms describe the asymmetrical distribution of membrane transporters (2)

A
  • apical membrane
  • basolateral membrane
37
Q

what helps epithelial cells form an impermeable sheet

A
  • tight cell-cell junctions
38
Q

what are main routes of solute transport in epithelial cells (2)

A
  • transcellular transport
  • paracellular transport
39
Q

transcellular transport

A
  • movement through the cell
40
Q

paracellular transport

A
  • movement between cells in “leaky epithelia”
41
Q

what are the types of solute transporters (4)

A
  • electrogenic Na+/K+ ATPase (NKA)
  • various solute-specific channels (Cl-, K+, Na+)
  • electroneutral cotransporters
  • electroneutral exchangers
42
Q

osmoregulation in freshwater fish: passive movement (2)

A
  • gain of water
  • loss of ions across gill and gut
43
Q

osmoregulation of freshwater fish: active movement (2)

A
  • produce lots of dilute urine in kidney to get rid of water
  • active absorption of ions at the gill
44
Q

osmoregulation in marine fish: passive movement (2)

A
  • loss of water
  • gain of ions across gill and gut
45
Q

osmoregulation in marine fish: active movement (3)

A
  • cannot produce concentrated urine to conserve water
  • drinks to obtain water
  • actively secretes ions at the gill
46
Q

what do fish cells possess for osmoregulation

A
  • ionocytes
47
Q

where are ionocytes located in fish gills (2)

A
  • filaments
  • lamellae
48
Q

ionocyte function

A
  • cells that regulate and transport ions
49
Q

how do ionocytes transport ions (2)

A
  • cells are generally mitochondria-rich
  • high levels of Na+/K+ ATPase to actively drive ion movement
50
Q

how do gills move ions in marine fish

A
  • excrete ions
51
Q

how do gills move ions in freshwater fish

A
  • uptake ions
52
Q

what is the driving force for ion regulation in marine and freshwater gills (2)

A
  • Na+/K+ ATPase
  • it is used to establish a negative potential inside the cell
53
Q

what cells assist in ion movement in freshwater gills (2)

A
  • PNA- cells
  • PNA+ cells
54
Q

freshwater fish gills: PNA- cell function

A
  • Na+ uptake from the environment into the cell/blood
55
Q

freshwater fish gills: PNA- cell basolateral transporters (3)

A
  • electrogenic Na+/K+ ATPase creates negative charge inside cell and transports Na+ into the blood stream
  • Na+/HCO3- cotransporter further moves Na+ into the bloodstream
  • CO2 diffuses into the cell to be converted into HCO3- and H+ by carbonic anhydrase
56
Q

freshwater fish gills: PNA- cell apical transporters (3)

A
  • Na+ transporter is opened for Na+ transport into the cell
  • H+/Na+ exchanger further drives Na+ into the cell
  • H+ from carbonic anhydrase reaction is removed from the cell to further create negative charge
57
Q

freshwater fish gills: PNA+ cell function

A
  • Ca2+ and Cl- uptake from the environment into the cell/blood
58
Q

freshwater fish gills: PNA+ cell basolateral transporters (6)

A
  • Ca+ transporter to move Ca+ into the blood
  • Ca+/Na+ exchanger to move Ca+ into the blood
  • Na+/K+ ATPase to establish negative potential inside cell
  • H+ transporter to remove H+ from the carbonic anhydrase reaction
  • CO2 diffuses into the cell to be converted into HCO3- and H+ by carbonic anhydrase
  • Cl- transporter to move Cl- into the blood
59
Q

freshwater fish gills: PNA+ cell apical transporters (2)

A
  • Ca2+ ATPase to move Ca2+ from the environment into the cell
  • Cl-/HCO3- exchanger to move Cl- into the cell from the environment
60
Q

marine fish gills: ionocyte basolateral transporters (4)

A
  • Na+/K+ ATPase creates negative electrical potential inside cell
  • Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter moves ions into the cell
  • K+ transporter moves K+ back into the blood
  • Na+ is moved out of the gills by paracellular transport between cells
61
Q

marine fish gills: ionocyte apical transporters

A
  • Cl- transporter moves Cl- from the cell into the environment
62
Q

diadromous fish

A
  • fish that move between fresh and seawater during their life cycle
63
Q

what are the classifications of diadromous fish (2)

A
  • catadromous
  • anadromous
64
Q

catadromous fish (2)

A
  • adults live in freshwater
  • breeding occurs in seawater
65
Q

anadromous fish (2)

A
  • adults live in seawater
  • breeding occurs in freshwater
66
Q

what is the term used to describe fish that move between seawater and freshwater in their life cycle

A
  • diadromous
67
Q

what is the life cycle of salmon (6)

A
  • eggs
  • alevin
  • fry
  • parr
  • smolt
  • adult
68
Q

in what stage of the life cycle do salmon transition from marine to freshwater

A
  • in the smolt phase
69
Q

what is the first stage of the anadromous smolting salmon (3)

A
  • metabolic changes
  • initiation of smoltification
  • growth acceleration
70
Q

what is the second stage of the anadromous smolting salmon (4)

A
  • morphological changes
  • silvering
  • outmigration
  • homing imprinting
71
Q

what is the third stage of the anadromous smolting salmon

A
  • seawater tolerance
72
Q

what hormones change during salmon smoltification (5)

A
  • thyroxine
  • insulin
  • estradiol
  • cortisol
  • catecholamine
73
Q

how does thyroxine change during salmon smoltification

A
  • increases dramatically, peaks in the middle of the process, before falling again
74
Q

how does insulin change during salmon smoltification

A
  • rises slighting, before falling
75
Q

how does estradiol change during salmon smoltification

A
  • slight increase in the middle of the process
76
Q

how does cortisol change during salmon smoltification (2)

A
  • gradual increase, with peak near the end of the process
  • most important hormone in process
77
Q

how does catecholamine change during salmon smoltification

A
  • stays low and begins to rise near the end of the process, with peak occurring after the process ends
78
Q

which protein isoform is associated with freshwater in salmon gills

A
  • NKAα1a
79
Q

what protein isoform is associated with seawater in salmon gills

A
  • NKAα1b

BIOL 364 (44 decks)

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