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BIOL 364 > Ion and Water Balance 6: Other Animal Structures > Flashcards

Ion and Water Balance 6: Other Animal Structures Flashcards

1
Q

what structure do sponges use for water/ion balance

A
  • simple contractile vacuoles
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2
Q

sponges: what are the functions of contractile vacuoles (2)

A
  • expel cellular waste
  • expel water
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3
Q

what structures do worm taxa have for water/ion balance

A
  • protonephridia
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4
Q

worm taxa: protonephridia structure
- similar structure
- components (4)

A
  • similar to vertebrate kidney tubule
  • consists of: flame cell, flagella, lumen, and tubule cell
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5
Q

worm taxa: how do fluids travel through the protonephridia (2)

A
  • fluids are taken from interstitial space into lumen by beating of flagella
  • reabsorption occurs
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6
Q

worm taxa: which worm type have the most developed protonephridia structures (2)

A
  • freshwater worm taxa
  • they need to get rid of more water as water travels passively into the worm
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7
Q

what structure do molluscs and annelids use for water/ion balance

A
  • metanephridia
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8
Q

molluscs/annelids: metanephridia structure (4)

A
  • nephrostome
  • lumen
  • storage bladder
  • nephridiopore
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9
Q

molluscs/annelids: how do fluids move through the metanephridia (2)

A
  • fluid taken from blood or coelom into lumen
  • some reabsorption takes place
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10
Q

what structure do insects use for ion/water balance

A
  • Malpighian tubule
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11
Q

insects: Malpighian tubule structure
- general/location
- cell composition

A
  • blind ending sac between the midgut and hindgut
  • consists of Stellate cells and Principal cells
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12
Q

insects: Malpighian tubule Stellate cells (2)

A
  • facilitate transport of Cl- from haemolymph into lumen
  • facilitate transport of water into lumen through aquaporins
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13
Q

insects: Malpighian tubule Principal cells (2)

A
  • facilitate K+ and other solute transport from haemolymph into lumen
  • contain H+ ATPases into lumen
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14
Q

insects: Malpighian tubule movement of fluid (2)

A
  • draws ions/water into lumen from the haemolymph
  • “urine” is deposited into the hindgut
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15
Q

insects: how is the primary urine created in the Malpighian tubule (2)

A
  • no ultrafiltrate is created (no filtration)
  • primary urine is created solely by secretion
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16
Q

insects: what is secretion driven by in the Malpighian tubule and is it different than what vertebrates use (2)

A
  • H+-ATPase
  • different from vertebrates that normally use Na+/K+ ATPase
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17
Q

what are many insecticides based upon (2)

A
  • how they affect Malpighian tubule
  • how they affect hindgut function
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18
Q

insects: how is the primary urine further modified in the Malpighian tubule

A
  • reabsorption and secretion in the hindgut
19
Q

insects: how do diuretic hormones affect the Malpighian tubule

A
  • increase urine formation
20
Q

what are the components of the shark nephron (5)

A
  • glomerulus
  • ciliated neck
  • proximal tubule
  • distal tubule
  • collecting tubule
21
Q

what is the osmolarity of extracellular fluid in sharks compared to seawater

A
  • EF is slightly hyperosmotic to seawater
22
Q

sharks: why is the EF hyperosmotic to seawater

A
  • high urea concentrations in the EF
23
Q

sharks: how do they ensure high concentrations of urea in their EF (2)

A
  • countercurrent arrangement in nephron recovers 90% of urea from primary urine
  • uses Na+-urea transporter
24
Q

what is the osmolarity of shark final urine compared to seawater

A
  • final urine is isoosmotic to seawater
25
Q

what is the osmolarity of shark final urine compared to its plasma

A
  • final urine is slightly hypoosmotic to plasma
26
Q

what distinguishes the nephrons of fish/sharks from terrestrial vertebrate nephrons

A
  • all fish/shark nephrons lack a loop of Henle
27
Q

do freshwater or marine fish have larger/more complex glomerula (2)

A
  • freshwater fish have larger, more complex glomerula
  • as freshwater fish are battling water influx, that must have a way to get rid of extra water
28
Q

aglomular fish (2)

A
  • describes nephrons that lack glomerulars in marine fish
  • nephrons lack ability to create ultrafiltrate and must rely on secretion
29
Q

what is the benefit of lacking a glomerular to create ultrafiltrate

A
  • minimizes water loss
30
Q

what is the downside of lacking glomerular to create ultrafiltrate

A
  • can only secrete things that we have transporters for
31
Q

freshwater fish: nephron components (6)

A
  • glomerula
  • ciliated neck
  • proximal tubule
  • inter-segmental region
  • distal tubule
  • collecting tubule
32
Q

what are the roles of the kidneys in freshwater (3)

A
  • ions reabsorbed from primary urine
  • excretion of lots of very dilute urine
  • most ion, water, and nitrogen excretion responsibilities met by skin and gills
33
Q

what are the roles of the kidneys in seawater (3)

A
  • produce small amounts of urine
  • most ion, water, and nitrogen excretion responsibilities met by gills and skin
  • some marine fish lack glomeruli (aglomerular kidney)
34
Q

amphibian: nephron structure (6)

A
  • glomerula
  • ciliated neck
  • proximal tubule
  • inter-segmental region
  • distal tubule
  • collecting tubule
35
Q

amphibian nephron: metamorphosis (2)

A
  • structure and function of kidney will change as organism moves from water to terrestrial environment
  • larval and adult forms
36
Q

amphibian nephron: larval form (3)

A
  • pronephros
  • tubule opens into coelom
  • similar to freshwater fish nephron, where lots of water needs to be secreted
37
Q

amphibian nephron: adult form

A
  • similar to mammal nephron
38
Q

amphibian nephron: larval form function

A
  • excretion of dilute urine as there is little need for water retention in dilute urine
39
Q

amphibian nephron: adult form function (3)

A
  • conserve water on land
  • reduced the GFR
  • reabsorb water from bladder
40
Q

reptile nephron: structure (5)

A
  • glomerula
  • proximal tubule
  • inter-segmental region
  • distal tubule
  • collecting tubule
41
Q

why is the loop of Henle considered a ‘major innovation’ in terrestrial animals

A
  • allows production of concentrated urine for water conservation
42
Q

where organisms have loop of Henles in their nephrons (2)

A
  • birds
  • mammals
43
Q

what are characteristics of mammals producing more concentrated urine (2)

A
  • longer loop of Henle
  • relatively thicker medulla
44
Q

how do birds and reptiles without the loop of Henle conserve water (2)

A
  • excrete uric acid instead of urea
  • lots of water is saved in production

BIOL 364 (44 decks)

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