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BIOL 364 > Final: Circulation 2 > Flashcards

Final: Circulation 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the split between water and air breathers in craniates

A
  • quite even split between both groups
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2
Q

how many circuits can a closed circulatory system have (2)

A
  • single-circuit (most fishes)
  • double-circuit (all birds & mammals)
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3
Q

what is the basic circulatory plan of vertebrates (8)

A
  • muscular, chambered heart contracts to increase pressure of the blood
  • blood flows away from heart into arteries
  • arteries branch to form more numerous, but smaller diameter, arteries
  • small arteries branch into arterioles within tissues
  • blood flows from arterioles into capillaries
  • capillaries coalesce to form venules
  • venules coalesce to form veins
  • veins carry blood to the heart
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4
Q

what occurs at the capillaries

A
  • site of diffusion of molecules between blood and interstitial fluid
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5
Q

vertebrate blood vessels (2)

A
  • complex wall surrounding a central lumen
  • thickness of all varies among vessels
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6
Q

vertebrate blood vessel: layers (3)

A
  • tunica intima
  • tunica media
  • tunica externa
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7
Q

vertebrate blood vessels: tunica intima (3)

A
  • internal lining
  • smooth, epithelial cells that make up a vascular endothelium
  • in direct contact with the blood
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8
Q

vertebrate blood vessels: tunica media (3)

A
  • middle layer
  • smooth muscle
  • elastic connective tissue to allow expansion and compression
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9
Q

vertebrate blood vessels: tunica externa (3)

A
  • outermost layer
  • collagen
  • structural support against pressure
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10
Q

why are the arteries more muscular and elastic than veins (3)

A
  • arteries must maintain and restrict blood pressure from the heart
  • arteries must evenly distribute pressure to transport blood
  • venous side has lower pressure system
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11
Q

large vein structure (6)

A
  • largest diameter vessel of the venous system
  • thin layers
  • tunica externa
  • tunica media
  • tunica intima
  • endothelium
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12
Q

vein structure (5)

A
  • thin layers
  • tunica externa
  • tunica media
  • tunica intima
  • endothelium
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13
Q

venule structure (4)

A
  • smallest vessel diameter of the venous system
  • thin layers
  • tunica externa
  • endothelium
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14
Q

elastic artery structure (6)

A
  • largest vessel diameter of the artery system
  • thicker layers
  • tunica externa
  • tunica media
  • tunica intima
  • endothelium
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15
Q

muscular artery structure (4)

A
  • thin tunica externa
  • very thick tunica media
  • thin tunica intima
  • endothelium
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16
Q

arteriole structure (3)

A
  • thin layers
  • tunica media
  • endothelium
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17
Q

capillaries structure and types (2)

A
  • lack tunica media and tunica externa
  • can be continuous, fenestrated, or sinusoidal
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18
Q

continuous capillaries (2)

A
  • cells held together by tight junctions, blocking transport through cell junctions
  • present in skin and muscle
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19
Q

fenestrated capillaries (3)

A
  • cells contain pores, making them “leaky” for passive transport
  • specialized for exchange
  • present in kidneys, endocrine organs, and intestines
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20
Q

sinusoidal capillaries (2)

A
  • few tight junction and most porous for exchange of large proteins
  • present in liver and bone marrow
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21
Q

tank treading (2)

A
  • when capillary diameter is less than RBC diameter
  • forces RBC to squeeze through capillary to mix their contents
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22
Q

jawed vertebrates: circulatory system (2)

A
  • all have closed systems
  • structure varies depending on respiratory strategy (air vs water breathing)
23
Q

water-breathing fish: circulatory system (3)

A
  • closed system
  • single circuit
  • some fish have accessory hearts in the tail to help pump blood
24
Q

air-breathing tetrapods: circulatory system (2)

A
  • closed system
  • two circuits
25
Q

air-breathing tetrapods: two circuits (2)

A
  • pulmonary circuit for perfusing lungs: right side of heart
  • system circuit for perfusing other tissues: left side of heart
26
Q

single-circuit, closed circulatory system: basics (2)

A
  • blood leaving heart makes a single circuit before returning to the heart
  • cardiac output passes through two, in-series capillary networks
27
Q

single-circuit, closed circulatory system: in-series capillary networks (2)

A
  • respiratory (gills; bronchial) capillaries for O2 uptake and CO2 excretion
  • system (peripheral;tissue) capillaries for tissue O2 delivery and CO2 removal
28
Q

single-circuit, closed circulatory system: vessel resistance (3)

A
  • vessel resistant to blood flow in gills & tissue is additive
  • Ohm’s Law
  • a lot of pressure is needed to get through two capillary beds
29
Q

fish hearts (3)

A
  • two contractile chambers (cardiac muscle)
  • two other cardiac chambers
  • valves direct blood flow when chambers contract
30
Q

fish hearts: two contractile chambers (3)

A
  • atrium (thinner-walled) and ventricle (thicker-walled)
  • wall thickness if indicative of the blood pressure it can generate
  • chambers contract in sequence and generate sufficient blood pressure to propel blood around entire body
31
Q

fish hearts: two cardiac chambers (2)

A
  • sinus venosus and bulbus arteriosus
  • located inside pericardial cavity
32
Q

fish hearts: sinus venosus (2)

A
  • elastic chamber that collects venous blood before it enters the atrium
  • sinoatrial region is site of the cardiac pacemaker
33
Q

fish hearts: bulbus arteriosus (2)

A
  • elastic chamber connected to aorta
  • takes deoxygenated blood to the gills
34
Q

double-circuit, closed circulatory system: basics (2)

A
  • blood returns twice to the heart to complete a circuit of the body
  • contains two functional pumps in one heart, each having an atrium and ventricle
35
Q

double-circuit, closed circulatory system: right side (2)

A
  • right atrium and right ventricle pump deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary circuit
  • low pressure system
36
Q

double-circuit, closed circulatory system: left side (2)

A
  • left atrium and left ventricle pump oxygenated blood into the systemic circuit
  • high pressure system
37
Q

double-circuit, closed circulatory system: benefits (2)

A
  • two functional pumps can work at different blood pressures, but their flow outputs are identical
  • don’t have to create sufficient pressure to go through two capillary beds
38
Q

circulatory system: birds & mammals (3)
- heart chambers
- circuits & pressure
- blood mixing

A
  • four-chambered heart: two atria and two ventricles
  • system and pulmonary circuits are divided into two different pressure systems
  • oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are completely separate
39
Q

law of bulk flow

A

Q = △P/R

40
Q

law of bulk flow: Q

A
  • flow
41
Q

law of bulk flow: △P

A
  • pressure drop
42
Q

law of bulk flow: R

A
  • resistance
43
Q

resistance formula

A

8Ln/πr^4

44
Q

resistance formula: n

A
  • viscosity of the fluid
45
Q

Poiseuille’s equation

A
  • more detailed version of law of bulk flow
  • Q = △Pπr^4/8Ln
46
Q

what does Poiseuille’s equation reveal (2)

A
  • radius affects flow much more than length or other factors
  • vasoconstriction and vasodilation will greatly affect flow
47
Q

how can blood vessels be arranged (2)

A
  • in series
  • in parallel
48
Q

resistance in series formula

A

Rt = R1 + R2 + R3…..

49
Q

resistance in parallel formula

A

1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 ….

50
Q

flow (Q)

A
  • volume of fluid transferred per unit time
51
Q

blood velocity formula

A

blood velocity = Q/A

52
Q

blood velocity: A

A
  • cross-sectional area of the channels/vessels
53
Q

how does the large cross-sectional area of the capillaries affect blood flow and diffusion (2)

A
  • blood velocity through capillaries is very slow
  • there is a longer time for diffusion to occur

BIOL 364 (44 decks)

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