Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOL 364 > Final: Respiration 4 > Flashcards

Final: Respiration 4 Flashcards

1
Q

oxygen transport cascade (5)

A
  • ventilation (air)
  • pulmonary diffusion (lungs)
  • circulatory diffusion (blood)
  • muscle diffusion (capillaries)
  • muscle utilization (tissues)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how does PO2 and PCO2 change from the environment to the tissues (2)

A
  • PO2 decreases from environment to the tissues
  • PCO2 decreases from the tissue to the environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

solubility of O2 in aqueous fluids

A
  • low
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

metalloproteins/respiratory pigments

A
  • proteins containing metal ions which reversibly bind to oxygen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how do respiratory pigments affect oxygen carrying capacity

A
  • increase O2 carrying capacity by 50-fold
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

respiratory pigments: types (3)

A
  • hemocyanins
  • hemerythrins
  • hemoglobins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

respiratory pigments: hemocyanins
- organisms
- metal type
- location
- appearance

A
  • arthropods and molluscs
  • contain copper
  • usually dissolved in hemolymph
  • appears blue when oxygenated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

respiratory pigments: hemerythrins
- organisms
- metal type
- location
- appearance

A
  • worm-like organisms and sea clams
  • contains iron directly bound to protein
  • usually found inside coelomic cells
  • appears violet-pink when oxygenated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

respiratory pigments: hemoglobin
- organisms
- metal type
- location
- appearance

A
  • vertebrates, nematodes, crustaceans, insects
  • globin protein bound to heme molecule containing iron
  • encapsulated in RBCs
  • appears bright red when oxygenated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

hemoglobin structure (2)
- structure (2)
- mutations

A
  • often 2 alpha and 2 beta chains
  • each chain is ~145 amino acids
  • single aa substitutions can have profound effects on function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

myoglobulin

A
  • type of hemoglobin found in muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what percentage of blood are RBCs

A
  • 30-60% of blood consists of RBCs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hb and RBCs

A
  • RBCs encapsulate Hb and transport O2 and CO2
  • allows for fine-tuning of micro-environment around Hb to optimize function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the percentage of physically dissolved O2 and O2 bound to Hb in blood (2)

A
  • 1.5% of O2 is physically dissolved
  • 98.5% of O2 is bound to Hb
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

oxygen equilibrium curve (OEC)

A
  • compares percent saturation of hemoglobin with PO2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

OEC: shape (2)

A
  • sigmoid shape
  • allows for maximal unloading with a small change in PO2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

OEC: maximal unloading (2)

A
  • occurs at 50% O2 saturation of Hb (P50)
  • animals alter P50 of hemoglobin to optimize O2 loading and unloading
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does the circulatory system respond to O2 stress (exercise, hypoxia, diving) (2)

A
  • RBCs are released from the spleen
  • elevates hematocrit and hemoglobin levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

releasing additional RBCs from spleen: advantage (2)

A
  • enhance oxygen uptake and delivery
  • increase O2 carrying capacity in blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

releasing additional RBCs from spleed: disadvantage

A
  • viscosity of blood will eventually be too high, decreasing flow of blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

hemoglobin molecule stages (3)

A
  • T state
  • R state
  • Hb molecule goes from T state to R state as it is oxygenated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hb: T state (2)

A
  • tense state
  • oxygenation of the Hb is difficult
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hb: R state (2)

A
  • relaxed state
  • O2 can be added to the Hb more easily
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T –> R state transition (2)

A
  • transition is associated with weakening/breaking of salt bridges within Hb molecule
  • binding of each additional O2 induces a conformational change that relaxes Hb further
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are the ideal OEC conditions at the gas exchange surface (2)
- high Hb affinity (low P50) maximizes O2 uptake - left-shifted OEC
26
what is the ideal OEC conditions at the tissues (2)
- low affinity Hb (high P50) maximizes tissue O2 delivery - right-shifted OEC
27
how does "right shifting" the OEC affect respiration (2)
- P50 is increased - facilitates O2 delivery to active tissues producing CO2
28
OEC: pH changes
- decreasing pH reduces O2 affinity by stabilizing the "T state" and right-shifting the OEC
29
what are conditions that affect OEC (5)
- pH - PCO2 - temperature - organic phosphates - amino acid sequences
30
how does "left shifting" the OEC affect respiration
- P50 is decreased - facilitates O2 uptake at the respiratory surface
31
OEC: PCO2 changes
- increased PCO2 reduces oxygen affinity by stabilizing the "T state" and right shifting the OEC
32
OEC: temperature changes
- increase in temperature decreases oxygen affinity by stabilizing "T state" and "right shifting" the OEC
33
what is an advantage of temperature changes in OEC
- promotes oxygen delivery to warm muscles during exercise
34
OEC: organic phosphates (3)
- ATP, GTP, 2,3-DPG - increase in [ ] decreases oxygen affinity by stabilizing "T state" and right-shifting the OEC - important for fine-tuning blood P50
35
organic phosphate: mammals
- 2,3-DPG
36
organic phosphate: birds
- IP5
37
organic phosphate: reptiles, amphibians, fish
- ATP or GTP
38
when are organic phosphate levels modified (2)
- during exposure to hypoxia - during development altering Hb-O2 affinity
39
what therapeutic applications do organic phosphates have (2)
- synthesis makes it difficult to make artificial blood - important in extending life of blood and blood banks from days to months
40
OEC: amino acid sequences
- specific amino acid substitutions have large effects on overall blood oxygen affinity
41
fetal Hb (2)
- generally possess blood O2 affinity that is higher than maternal form - allows fetus to get O2 from maternal blood
42
what does the amount of O2 stored in the blood depend on (2)
- PO2 of the plasma - Hb - oxygen affinity
43
PO2 of the plasma (2)
- amount of "pressure" that oxygen can bring to bear on the system; how much O2 is "trying" to be loaded - only dissolved O2 contributes to partial pressure, while bound O2 does not
44
Hb -- oxygen affinity
- the affinity of the carrier (Hb) to carry oxygen in any particular set of circumstances
45
what occurs at P50 (2)
- lots of O2 unloading within small change in PO2 - O2 physically dissolved leaves first, and Hb bound O2 replaces the dissolved O2
46
what occurs to drop P100 to P50
- oxygen "release" during arterial-venous blood transit before entering site of tissues
47
why is so little O2 released before P50
- at 40-100 Torr, Hb has high affinity for O2 and does not "want to" release it
48
Fick equation for O2 delivery
MO2 = Q x (CaO2 - CvO2)
49
Fick equation for O2 delivery: Q
- cardiac output
50
Fick equation for O2 delivery: CaO2 - CvO2
- O2 content of arterial and venous blood
51
root effect (3)
- describes how bony fishes (teleosts) exhibit reduction in O2 carrying capacity with increase in CO2 or reduction in pH - due to dramatic stabilization of "T state" - this acidified blood won't reach 100 carrying capacity, no matter how high the PO2 is
52
Bohr effect
- Hb oxygen binding affinity is inversely related both to acidity and to the concentration of carbon dioxide
53
swim bladder (4)
- many bony fish have swim bladders that help to maintain neutral buoyancy - gas-filled sac - increase gas to increase buoyancy and remove gas to decrease buoyancy - in most species, the gas used is O2
54
how do fish fill their swim bladder with O2 (2)
- gulp of air - O2 excreted from blood
55
depth and pressure in water
- in water, every 10m of depth is an additional 1 atm of pressure
56
swim bladder: gulp of air
- physostomus
57
swim bladder: O2 excreted from the blood (2)
- physoclistus - utilize Root effect, gas gland, and countercurrent exchange
58
what is the basic mechanism of O2 addition to the swim bladder (2)
- arterial blood experiences localized acidosis from gas gland production of H+ and CO2 - "T state" becomes stabilized and drives O2 from Hb, elevating the PO2 - excess O2 diffuses and inflates the swimbladder lumen
59
how does the rete mirable contribute to swim bladder inflation (2)
- consists of countercurrent arterial and venous capillaries, in close proximity - CO2 from venous blood diffuses into arterial blood, contributing to localized acidosis and increase in PO2
60
what is the result of the gas bland and rete mirable on the swim bladder (2)
- PO2 can be up to 30,000 mmHg - swim-bladder can inflate with pure O2 at great depths
61
where else can localized acidosis, similar to filling the swim bladder, be found? (2)
- similar structure exists in fish eyes - ensures oxygen delivery to this structure to improve ability to see
62
catastrophic decompression (2)
- fish are brought up from great depths to quickly - swim bladders rapidly expand due to decrease in pressure
63
how is carbon monoxide (CO) produced
- byproduct of combustion
64
carbon monoxide (CO) and Hb: affinity (2)
- CO binds Hb with affinity 250x higher than O2 - Hb becomes 100% saturated with CO at PCO = 0.6 mmHg
65
how does CO affect O2 in blood (3)
- CO competes with O2 for binding to Hb - decreases effective O2 carrying capacity of blood - small [CO] has large effects on the system
66
0-10% CO-Hb symptoms
- no symptoms
67
10-25% CO-Hb symptoms (2)
- headache - nausea
68
30-35% CO-Hb symptoms (4)
- drowsiness - headache - nausea - vomiting
69
40% CO-Hb symptoms
- collapse
70
45% CO-Hb symptoms
- brain damage
71
50% CO-Hb symptoms
- death

BIOL 364 (44 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions