Task Item No. 5-6: Determine means of (resources for) quality control and quality assurance. Flashcards
You Should Understand
Task Item No. 5-6: Determine means of (resources for) quality control and quality assurance.
- Maintain knowledge of industry reference standards for specifying and installation of materials and systems
- Maintain knowledge of regulations and model codes
- Understand purpose and use of product test reports or certificates and other submittals, field measurements, verifying site conditions, and other activities for quality assurance
- Maintain familiarity with system of procedures to verify compliance with Contract requirements, established by the performance of tests and inspections on certain portions of the Work
- Understand commissioning protocols for various systems and components incorporated into the project
- Know testing and inspection protocols and procedures
- Review drawings for terminology consistency and recognition
- Determine contractual obligations of parties to the project and produce detailed descriptions of those obligations in Division 01
- Coordinate detailing with specified components for each system shown in the drawings
- Identify discrepancies between details and specification descriptions
- Communicate revisions needed to coordinate drawings and specifications
- Research, develop, and specify requirements for testing and inspections to ensure adequacy of construction materials and fabrication techniques
- Conduct commissioning procedures to verify compliance with the Owner’s Project requirements and the design professional’s basis of design
- Write criteria needed to establish method of evaluating qualifications of specialists to provide a specific element of work
- Establish and describe needed mockups, clearly identifying purpose and required results for approval for full scale construction
- Conduct meetings for coordination across disciplines
Reading List
Task Item No. 5-6: Determine means of (resources for) quality control and quality assurance.
CSPG 1.6 and 1.8
1.6 Specifying Workmanship
Workmanship is often confused with the term . As quality is a mirror of the requirements, the requirements need to reflect what is intended. Workmanship generally refers to . These requirements have measurable properties and can be specified with a means to verify compliance. Workmanship can be controlled in several articles of a specification section. These articles specify qualifications, tolerances, and various other aspects of . Workmanship can be divided into two main categories:
- Workmanship relating to the and of products
- Workmanship relating to the , , or of products
When workmanship is specified, care should be taken to distinguish between items. Each workmanship requirement is placed under the proper heading in the specification section: product workmanship in and installation workmanship in .
Workmanship requirements should be specified to an appropriate level in accordance with the needs of the project. Project requirements should be specified without demanding conformance to unattainable standards or to standards exceeding those necessary for the requirements of the overall project.
Workmanship statements can be ambiguous if not properly worded. Workmanship requirements should be measurable. Avoid broad generalities such as “best possible workmanship.”
Appropriate methods for achieving desired workmanship include:
- Referring to applicable
- Establishing qualifications of , ,
- Referring to workmanship requirements of
- Requiring to establish an acceptable level of workmanship and a basis for judging subsequent work
- Specifying or physical requirements
- Establishing and requirements
1.6 Specifying Workmanship
Workmanship is often confused with the term quality. As quality is a mirror of the requirements, the requirements need to reflect what is intended. Workmanship generally refers to precision and craftsmanship. These requirements have measurable properties and can be specified with a means to verify compliance. Workmanship can be controlled in several articles of a specification section. These articles specify qualifications, tolerances, and various other aspects of quality assurance and quality control. Workmanship can be divided into two main categories:
- Workmanship relating to the manufacturing and fabrication of products
- Workmanship relating to the application, installation, or erection of products
When workmanship is specified, care should be taken to distinguish between product and installation items. Each workmanship requirement is placed under the proper heading in the specification section: product workmanship in PART 2—PRODUCTS and installation workmanship in PART 3—EXECUTION.
Workmanship requirements should be specified to an appropriate level in accordance with the needs of the project. Project requirements should be specified without demanding conformance to unattainable standards or to standards exceeding those necessary for the requirements of the overall project.
Workmanship statements can be ambiguous if not properly worded. Workmanship requirements should be measurable. Avoid broad generalities such as “best possible workmanship.”
Appropriate methods for achieving desired workmanship include:
- Referring to applicable standards and codes
- Establishing qualifications of manufacturer, fabricator, and installer
- Referring to workmanship requirements of trade associations
- Requiring samples to establish an acceptable level of workmanship and a basis for judging subsequent work
- Specifying tolerances and performance or physical requirements
- Establishing testing and inspection requirements
1.8 Specifying Quality Assurance and Quality Control
The A/E prepares construction documents that set forth the requirements for construction of the project. These documents are based on the agreed-upon , , and . These requirements establish the . The A/E’s ability to administer quality assurance and quality control during construction depends on how clearly these requirements are stated in the contract documents. Every specification requirement establishes the quality of work, which is not always limited to articles that use the word quality. Requirements range from procedural issues to performance criteria and workmanship.
1.8 Specifying Quality Assurance and Quality Control
The A/E prepares construction documents that set forth the requirements for construction of the project. These documents are based on the agreed-upon requirements, schedule, and budget. These requirements establish the project quality. The A/E’s ability to administer quality assurance and quality control during construction depends on how clearly these requirements are stated in the contract documents. Every specification requirement establishes the quality of work, which is not always limited to articles that use the word quality. Requirements range from procedural issues to performance criteria and workmanship.
1.8.1 Quality Assurance in the Conditions of the Contract
The basis for quality assurance is included in the . Most standard general conditions include warranty provisions requiring the contractor’s that materials and equipment will be new and of good quality, unless otherwise required or allowed; will be free from defects not inherent in the quality required or allowed; and will conform to the . The warranty provisions summarize the contractor’s responsibility for quality and for conforming to the requirements of the contract documents.
1.8.1 Quality Assurance in the Conditions of the Contract
The basis for quality assurance is included in the conditions of the contract. Most standard general conditions include warranty provisions requiring the contractor’s affirmation that materials and equipment will be new and of good quality, unless otherwise required or allowed; will be free from defects not inherent in the quality required or allowed; and will conform to the requirements of the contract documents. The warranty provisions summarize the contractor’s responsibility for quality and for conforming to the requirements of the contract documents.
1.8.2 Quality Control in the Conditions of the Contract
The quality control provisions in the conditions of the contract require verification of conformance with the . Many standard general conditions require the contractor to using expertise, skill, and attention.
The A/E usually visits the site to become familiar with the progress and quality of the completed work. On the basis of field observations, the A/E reviews the contractor’s applications for payment and certifies or recommends payment of amounts due. The A/E through this process may alert the owner if the quality of work is found to be in nonconformance with the contract documents or below the level of completion represented by the payment request; however, primary responsibility of conformance with the contract documents still lies with the .
The general conditions typically stipulate that the shall bear the expense of any additional testing and inspection only if the work is found to be . Work not conforming to the contract documents may be considered .
1.8.2 Quality Control in the Conditions of the Contract
The quality control provisions in the conditions of the contract require verification of conformance with the contract requirements. Many standard general conditions require the contractor to supervise the work using expertise, skill, and attention.
The A/E usually visits the site to become familiar with the progress and quality of the completed work. On the basis of field observations, the A/E reviews the contractor’s applications for payment and certifies or recommends payment of amounts due. The A/E through this process may alert the owner if the quality of work is found to be in nonconformance with the contract documents or below the level of completion represented by the payment request; however, primary responsibility of conformance with the contract documents still lies with the contractor.
The general conditions typically stipulate that the contractor shall bear the expense of any additional testing and inspection only if the work is found to be defective. Work not conforming to the contract documents may be considered defective or nonconforming.
1.8.3 Division 01—General Requirements
Refer to Task Item 5-5
1.8.4 Specifications
Divisions 02 through 49 are composed of individual sections, each addressing a distinct subject area. The issues and requirements concerning quality assurance and quality control specific to that section are addressed. The contract documents are so interrelated that none of them can stand alone. An examination of SectionFormat will help clarify the interrelationships between the requirements of articles within individual sections in Divisions 02 through 49 and specification sections. The requirements in Division 01 are dependent on provisions in the conditions of the contract.
PART 1—GENERAL of a specification section includes articles on administrative matters.
Three articles that deal specifically with quality are
- include preinstallation meetings that may be required for complex items requiring coordination and understanding among several participants.
- include preconstruction submittals, shop drawings, coordination drawings, product data, samples, quality assurance and quality control submittals, informational submittals, construction photographs, and closeout submittals.
- include prerequisites, standards, limitations, and criteria that establish an overall quality for products and workmanship and may include the following subjects:
- include procedures and requirements for posting bonds, jobsite and recycling requirements, restrictions on airborne pollution, requirements to submit a procedures plan, and securing review and approval by AHJ.
- state the minimum expertise of the manufacturer, supplier, fabricator, erector, applicator, or installer. They also include qualifications of testing agencies and a design engineer employed by the contractor or manufacturer.
- describe obligations for compliance with codes for contractor-designed items. They include the requirements of AHJs.
- may be required to verify that performance is equivalent to that of tested units or specified criteria. Certifications may also be required by AHJs.
- are usually used to state requirements for sample field applications of finishes, such as paint or other finish materials and coatings. Accepted samples may establish a minimum standard of workmanship.
- state the requirements for full-size erected assemblies to ensure understanding and coordination of required construction. Mock-ups may also be used for testing and observation and for establishing standards by which workmanship will be judged.
PART 2—PRODUCTS of a specification section includes articles related to the manufacture and fabrication of products.
1
Assembly or Fabrication Tolerance
A
may include compression tests for verification of a concrete mix design, sieve analysis of natural
materials such as aggregates or soil
2
Source Quality Controls
B
may include a checklist of items to be verified by
inspection of products at their source
3
Tests
C
establish a statistical range of acceptability for
properties of products before they are incorporated into the project
4
Inspections
D
may require coordination during manufacture at the source for special inspections, including access by
AHJ and other third parties
5
Nonconforming Work
E
involves quality control of products during their
manufacture
6
Manufacturer Services
F
include requirements for identification and correction
of nonconforming work
PART 3—EXECUTION of a specification section covers work performed at the project site. The following articles in PART 3 relate to quality control:
1
Tolerances
A
involve quality control of variable conditions
2
Field or Site Quality Control
B
the last form of verification and may form the basis for decisions about defective work during or after installation
3
Field or Site Tests
C
may require a manufacturer’s representative to visit the site to instruct an installer or owner’s personnel in the proper installation of a material or the operation of specialized equipment
4
Field or Site Inspections
D
requirements for identification and correction of nonconforming Work and final actions required to prepare installed products to perform properly
5
Nonconforming Work
E
involve visual observation for compliance with specified criteria
6
Manufacturer’s Services
F
used to establish an acceptable range of deviation
1.8.4 Specifications
Divisions 02 through 49 are composed of individual sections, each addressing a distinct subject area. The issues and requirements concerning quality assurance and quality control specific to that section are addressed. The contract documents are so interrelated that none of them can stand alone. An examination of SectionFormat will help clarify the interrelationships between the requirements of articles within individual sections in Divisions 02 through 49 and Division 01 specification sections. The requirements in Division 01 are dependent on provisions in the conditions of the contract.
PART 1—GENERAL of a specification section includes articles on administrative matters.
Three articles that deal specifically with quality are
- Administrative Requirements include preinstallation meetings that may be required for complex items requiring coordination and understanding among several participants.
- Submittals include preconstruction submittals, shop drawings, coordination drawings, product data, samples, quality assurance and quality control submittals, informational submittals, construction photographs, and closeout submittals.
-
Quality Assurance Requirements include prerequisites, standards, limitations, and criteria that establish an overall quality for products and workmanship and may include the following subjects:
- Regulatory Agency Sustainability Approvals include procedures and requirements for posting bonds, jobsite and recycling requirements, restrictions on airborne pollution, requirements to submit a procedures plan, and securing review and approval by AHJ.
- Qualifications state the minimum expertise of the manufacturer, supplier, fabricator, erector, applicator, or installer. They also include qualifications of testing agencies and a design engineer employed by the contractor or manufacturer.
- Regulatory Requirements describe obligations for compliance with codes for contractor-designed items. They include the requirements of AHJs.
- Certifications may be required to verify that performance is equivalent to that of tested units or specified criteria. Certifications may also be required by AHJs.
- Field or Site Samples are usually used to state requirements for sample field applications of finishes, such as paint or other finish materials and coatings. Accepted samples may establish a minimum standard of workmanship.
- Mock-ups state the requirements for full-size erected assemblies to ensure understanding and coordination of required construction. Mock-ups may also be used for testing and observation and for establishing standards by which workmanship will be judged.
PART 2—PRODUCTS of a specification section includes articles related to the manufacture and fabrication of products.
1-C Assembly or Fabrication Tolerances establish a statistical range of acceptability for properties of products before they are incorporated into the project.
2-E Source Quality Control involves quality control of products during their manufacture.
3-A Tests may include compression tests for verification of a concrete mix design, sieve analysis of natural materials such as aggregates or soil.
4-B Inspections may include a checklist of items to be verified by inspection of products at their source.
5-F Nonconforming Work include requirements for identification and correction of nonconforming work.
6-D Manufacturer Services may require coordination during manufacture at the source for special inspections, including access by AHJ and other third parties.
PART 3—EXECUTION of a specification section covers work performed at the project site. The following articles in PART 3 relate to quality control:
1-F Tolerances is used to establish an acceptable range of deviation.
2-B Field or Site Quality Control represents the last form of verification and may form the basis for decisions about defective work during or after installation
3-A Field or Site Tests involve quality control of variable conditions
4-E Field or Site Inspections involve visual observation for compliance with specified criteria
5-D Nonconforming Work requirements for identification and correction of nonconforming Work and final actions required to prepare installed products to perform properly
6-C Manufacturer’s Services may require a manufacturer’s representative to visit the site to instruct an installer or owner’s personnel in the proper installation of a material or the operation of specialized equipment
