Module 6 - Key Terms - Part 2 Flashcards
Liquidated Damages
Liquidated Damages are usually a fixed monetary amount per day, deducted from monies due the Contractor for failure to substantially complete the work within a stipulated time or by a stated calendar date. Some form of documentation is desirable to substantiate the potential loss from delay of completion. If the amount for liquidated damages is not based upon financial loss and is an excessive arbitrary amount, disproportionate to the value of the performance, it might be considered a penalty and become unenforceable. (PDPG 7.1.6.6; PDPG 13.12.13, CPRPG 5.3.4.6, CPRPG 10.10)
Liquidated Damages
Liquidated Damages is the amount that the Owner has determined it will cost to not have use of the facility. Liquidated damages are usually assessed for each day beyond the designated substantial completion date that the project is not completed. (CAPG 3.4.8.15 pg. 65)
Liquidated damages stated in the agreement are usually invoked when substantial completion is not achieved by the indicated date or within the indicated time. (PDPG 7.1.6.6; PDPG 13.12.13; CAPG 11.13 pg. 230)
Long Lead-Time Items
Elevators, escalators, chillers and boilers, transformers, switchgear and substations, or specialized equipment and systems. (CPRPG 5.3.3.3)
Longshoremen and Harbor Workers Act
A federal act requiring certain compensation levels for injured longshoremen and harbor workers. This exposure may be insured commercially or by using self-insurance. The classifications of persons falling under the provisions of this act are broadening widely. (Spec PG 17.7)
Loss
Loss (1) The basis of a claim for damages under the terms of a policy. (2) Loss of assets resulting from a pure risk. Broadly categorized, the types of losses of concern to risk managers include: personnel loss, property loss, time element, and legal liability. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
Loss of Use Insurance
Coverage to compensate the policyholder for loss suffered because the policyholder cannot use the property destroyed or damaged by an insured peril. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
Lump Sum
Lump Sum price (sometimes called stipulated sum) is an agreed amount for a described extent of work, based upon complete or partially complete construction documents. This is the simplest method of stating the basis of payment wherein a single amount is agreed upon for completion of the entire contract. (PDPG 7.1.6.1)
Machinery Insurance
See Boiler and Machinery Insurance
Maintenance and Operating Tools
Maintenance and Operating Tools are typically unusual, nonstandard, or proprietary tools required for equipment and systems maintenance or for operating access doors, valves, and security panels. (CCAPG 12.3.3.2)
Maintenance Bond
These bonds provide the Owner with assurance that, when required by the contract, the Contractor will provide ongoing maintenance services for the required period of time. (CCAPG 3.4.3, CPRPG 9.7.4.3.1)
Maintenance
Maintenance work needed to preserve or restore roads, buildings, landscaping, site improvements, utilities, equipment, and other facilities to original condition or such condition that they can be used for their intended purpose. (PDPG 14.2.4.2)
Maintenance
Preventive maintenance requirements should be considered during product selection, because maintenance costs affect the life cycle cost of products and equipment. (CPRPG 6.4.6.5)
Management Services (Construction)
Management Services (Construction) may be utilized early in the project development to complement design services. These management services may simply involve establishing construction costs of the design or may be more formally established as project management or construction management. Construction expertise is extensive and diverse and this expertise is offered similar to other professional services. (Spec PG 1.14.2)
MANU-SPEC Guide Specifications (CPRPG 2.12.2, Fig. 2.3)
MANU-SPEC Guide Specifications (CPRPG 2.12.2, Fig. 2.3)
Manufacturer Certifications
Manufacturers may require fabricators or installers of their products to be certified by the manufacturer as a condition of the sale or a condition before a warranty can be issued. (PDPG 4.6.2)
Manufacturer Information
Manufacturer Produces or fabricates products to be incorporated in the project. (CPRPG 4.2)
Manufacturer
Produces or fabricates products to be incorporated in the project. (PDPG 2.5)
Manufacturer
Provides technical information, including product data, regarding the product and advice on its application, and its implementation in a project. (CSPG 1.4.2)
Manufacturer
The manufacturer’s responsibilities in the sales process may include providing submittal data, technical assistance, and selling products. Manufacturers may also provide product information and technical assistance to A/Es and product warranties to the Owner. (CPRPG 2.18.1)
Manufacturer’s Employees
Manufacturer’s Employees is responsible for making sales and possibly placing orders and arranging for shipment of products if the manufacturer does not have a separate order-processing department. The manufacturer’s employee assists in communication between the distributors and suppliers, works with bidders to see that they have the appropriate pricing information for bidding, and may help put bid packages together. A bidder may call the manufacturer’s employee to ask if any special pricing is available for the buyer. The manufacturer’s employee may also work with the distributors to determine what type of products to stock based on the economic forecast, seasonal conditions affecting product demand, and environmental conditions and regulations.
Manufacturer’s employees typically consist of sales employees, marketing employees, and technical employees. (PDPG 2.5.1.1)
Manufacturer’s Employees
Manufacturer’s Employees are agents. They are legally bound to sell a product or perform a service and are generally excluded from representing other manufacturer’s products. These employees speak for the manufacturers. (CPRPG 2.5.1)
Manufacturer’s Instructions
These include manufacturer-prepared instructions concerning the proper application or installation of a product or system. The Contractor and A/E use this information to verify that the project is ready for installation and that the installation follows the recommendations of the manufacturer. (CAPG 5.3.2.5)
Manufacturer’s Field Report
These reports document the testing and verification actions taken by manufacturer’s representatives to verify compliance with manufacturer’s standards or instructions. Field reports provide assurance that the entity in the best position to judge the integrity of the installation has made that determination. Field verification by a representative of the manufacturer is often required as a prerequisite for issuance of a manufacturer’s warranty or guaranty. (CCAPG 5.3.2.6)
Marketing Employees
Marketing Employees research the market to determine what is important to buyers and decision makers. Their research evaluates and targets buyers and decision makers, assists in establishing criteria for the product that satisfies the buyers and decision makers, and provides information to price the product competitively. (CPRPG 2.5.1)
Master Guide Specification
The term master guide specification used for prepared specification sections intended to be edited and used as project specifications. (CSPG 10.1)
Master Planning
Master Planning is the design of multiple projects with integrated and complementary functions on the same site or contiguous sites to fulfill the requirements of an extensive program. (CPRPG 6.2.4.1)
Master Section Pro Forma
Master Section Pro Forma or template is the easiest way to promote consistency from section to section, and should follow the CSI SectionFormat™ and PageFormat™. (CSPG 10.4.2)
Master Specifications
The term master specifications refer to the documents used as guides for preparing project specifications. (CSPG 10.1)
MasterFormat
MasterFormat jointly developed by CSI and Construction Specifications Canada, is an organizational structure providing numbers and titles for the variety of subject matter necessary for the construction, operation, and maintenance of a facility. MasterFormat provides a system of six digit and eight-digit numbers and titles for organizing construction information into a standard order or sequence. By establishing a master list of numbers and titles, MasterFormat promotes standardization, facilitates the placement and retrieval of information, and improves construction communication. (PDPG 11.3.7.3 Spec PG 4.2.3)
MasterFormat
MasterFormat establishes the organizational structure for the documents and sections within a project manual, each with its unique number and title. (CSPG 4.2.3)
MasterFormat
MasterFormat is an organizational structure providing numbers and titles for the variety of work results necessary for the construction, operation, and maintenance of a facility. MasterFormat ® provides a system of six-digit and eight-digit numbers and titles for organizing construction information into a standard order or sequence. (CPRPG 3.2.3)
MBE/DBE
Minority Business Enterprise/Disadvantaged Business Enterprise
Measurement
Measurement means quantifying the amount of work eligible for payment and payment is the disbursement of money proportionate to that quantity of work. Under some contracts, measurement may involve only identifying the attainment of specified milestones for which predetermined amounts of payment are to be paid. Under other contracts, particularly unit-price contracts, measurement means verifying the quantities of work submitted for payment based on unit prices. (CCAPG 11)
Mechanical Engineer Design Team
Mechanical Engineer Design Team - (PDPG 2.3.4)
- Is responsible for the technical and engineering design of the movement and distribution of heated and cooled air, ventilation, and removal of odors, including the necessary equipment
- Provides construction drawings and specifications
- Participates in construction administration
Mechanical Systems
Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems; fire protection systems; communications equipment; and controls. (CPRPG 5.3.3.3)
Mediation
Mediation is an extension of negotiation whereby a neutral party acts as a facilitator to aid the parties in finding a mutually acceptable settlement of the claim. (CCAPG 10.5.4)
Meeting, Closeout
Meeting, Closeout is used to review requirements for the completion of the contract and to obtain submittal of the necessary final documents. Separate meetings may be required for substantial completion, final completion, and warranty reviews. (CAPG 4.2.5 pg. 80, CPRPG 10.2)
Meetings, Contractor/subcontractor
Meetings, Contractor/subcontractor meetings address the progress and scheduling of the work, coordination between the Contractor and subcontractors, and coordination between two or more subcontractors. These meetings frequently address contract issues such as applications for payment, project site safety, RFIs, and contract modifications. (CAPG 4.2.3 pg. 78)
Meetings, Preconstruction
Meetings, Preconstruction are important for introducing the project team, establishing the ground rules for communication, and explaining the administrative process. In many cases, a single meeting is all that is required; however, large, complex, or multiple-prime Contractor projects may require more than one meeting. A procedural meeting may cover administrative procedures, such as communication, submittals, testing, and inspection. A second mobilization meeting may address use of the site. (CAPG 4.2.1 pg. 73)
Meetings, Preinstallation
Meetings, Preinstallation help to clarify installation procedures, phasing, and coordination of the participants and processes involved in the installation of a specific product or system. These meetings are usually specified to focus on specific concerns and do not relieve the Contractor of the responsibility to coordinate the work. (CAPG 4.2.4 pg. 79)
Meetings, Progress concern
Meetings, Progress concern the progress of the work. They provide a forum in which matters pertinent to the timely completion of the work can be discussed. (CAPG 4.2.2 pg. 76)
Merchantability
If the seller is a merchant who deals with goods of the kind being conveyed, a warranty is implied that the goods are fit for the ordinary purposes for which such goods are used. (Spec PG 13.4.2)
Methods of Specifying
Methods of Specifying (PDPG 11.3.6 pg. 260)
- Descriptive.* A prescriptive method—products and processes are specified but not the results.
- Performance.* A method of specifying results, but not the means to achieve them.
- Reference standard.* A method that can be used for prescriptive or performance specifications.
- Proprietary.* A prescriptive method—products and processes are specified but not the results.
Mini-Trial
Mini-Trial method is not an actual trial. It is a structured process that allows the parties to present the necessary facts and elements of the claim and the concepts of law applicable to the claim in a compressed period of time. A neutral party hearing the case is normally a skilled legal practitioner who can render an opinion based on established case law and the limits of the contract documents (CCAPG 10.5.4)
Minimum Purchase Orders
Custom products may have a minimum quantity or purchase order cost requirement for the product as well as for shipping. (CPRPG 6.4)
Minor Changes in the Work
Minor Changes in the Work are defined as instructions or interpretations not involving adjustment to the contract sum or time. Such changes are made by the architect’s supplemental instructions directing the Contractor to make stated modifications. The architect’s supplemental instruction does not require the Owner’s signature. (CSPG 9.5)
Minor changes
Minor changes to the project or clarifications of the contract documents are defined as instructions or clarifications not involving adjustment of the contract sum or time. The AIA form for this type of change is the architect’s supplemental instruction. (Spec PG 9.5; CAPG 8.2.1.4 pg. 153)
Minutes
Minutes record the date, time, location, and weather conditions at the time of the meeting. Meeting minutes include a list of attendees with their respective company names and phone numbers. Fax numbers and e-mail addresses may also be included. This is easily accomplished by passing around a sign-in sheet. An indication of late arrivals and early departures should be noted. Minutes should follow the agenda and be in a format that allows easy identification of the actions required of each participant. Verbatim transcriptions are not necessary, but the essence of the subjects discussed, as well as decisions reached, should be documented. (CCAPG 4.1.5)
Miscellaneous Provisions
States that where reference is made in the agreement to a provision of the general conditions or another contract document, the reference refers to that provision as amended or supplemented by other provisions of the contract documents. Miscellaneous provisions might also state that interest can be applied to payments under the contract documents that are due and unpaid, at a predetermined rate. (CSPG 5.4)
Mobilization
Mobilization entails setting up the temporary facilities that the Contractor will need to perform the work required by the project. (CPRPG 9.7.8)
Mock-Ups
State the requirements for full-size erected assemblies to ensure understanding and coordination of required construction. Also used for testing and observation and for establishing standards by which workmanship will be judged. (CSPG 1.8.4)
Modifications
After execution of the agreement, contract documents can be modified by change orders, change directives or minor changes. (PDPG 13.9 CCAPG 3.3.1.8)
Modifications
Contract modifications include modifications after the construction agreement has been signed and additions to, deletions from, or modifications of the work to be done are accomplished by change orders, construction change directives, work change directives, field orders, architect’s supplemental instructions, orders for minor changes, and written amendments. These can be issued at any time during the contract period. (PDPG 13.9)
Modifications
There are two types of modifications: those that require a change to the contract sum or time, and those that do not. Changes to the contract sum or time require a change order. Changes that do not affect cost or time are minor changes in the work and may take the form of substitutions, supplemental instructions, or field orders. (PDPG 13.9 CCAPG 8)
Monopolistic Fund State
State organizations that have the exclusive right to insure within the respective states the employer’s workers’ compensation liability. The monopolistic fund states are Nevada, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming. (Spec PG 17.7)
MSDS
Material Safety Data Sheet
Multiple Prime Contracts
D-B-B and D-N-B project delivery methods usually involve a single contract but may involve administering multiple-prime contracts. Multiple-prime contracts are generally associated with the construction management project delivery method. If a construction manager is not involved, the Owner may be required to administer and coordinate the contracts. (CAPG 1.4.3 pg. 13)
Multiple Prime Contracts
In a multiple-prime construction project, the work is divided among several Contractors and each enters into a separate contract with the Owner. (PDPG 5.6.2)
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement
Named Insured
Any person, company, or corporation or any of its members specifically designated by name as insured(s) in the policy as distinguished from others who, although unnamed, are protected by the policy definition. A named insured under the policy has rights and responsibilities not attributed to additional insureds, such as premium payment, premium return, notice of cancellation, and dividend participation. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
Named Perils
Named Perils policies specify the perils that are insured against, as distinguished from the all-risk and broad-form policies. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NAVFAC
Naval Facilities Engineering Command
NCS
National CAD Standard
Negotiated Contract
Negotiated Contract is when the Owner and the Contractor negotiate a construction contract, the goal is to achieve mutual benefits to each and to avoid the inherent risks of a competitive environment among Contractors (however, competition still occurs between specialty subcontractors and material suppliers). The negotiated contract is based on a combination of factors, such as the following: (PDPG 7.3)
- Specific Contractor expertise
- Project completion can be expedited
- How effectively construction costs can be controlled
- Project type
- Owner’s capability or priorities
- Issues related to the construction process
Negotiating
Negotiating is a process of dialogue, offer, compromise, and resolution between two parties’ precedent to an agreement or contract modification. (PDPG 12.8, CPRPG 8.5)
Negotiation Procedures
Negotiation Procedures include the following steps: An RFP by One Participant to Another to Engage in a Negotiation Process; Discovery; Pricing Procedures; Offer; Counteroffer; Resolution; Award of Contract; Execution. (PDPG 12.8.3)
NEMA
National Electrical Manufacturers Association
Network Analysis Diagram (Schedule)
Network Analysis Diagram (Schedule) consists of a time analysis of a network of activities that outlines the steps needed to complete a project. The critical path is the path that establishes the optimum sequence and duration of operations between the first and last events. (CCAPG 3.4.8 (fig. 3.8))
NIBS
National Institute of Building Sciences
NIC
Not In Contract
NIST
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Non-binding Arbitration
As the term implies, this is a form of arbitration that can be appealed in other venues. (CCAPG 10.5.4)
Nonbinding Dispute Resolution
Nonbinding Dispute Resolution may use methods similar to binding dispute resolution or other less formal methods. Several forms of nonbinding dispute resolution have emerged in response to the high cost of legal fees and lengthy periods of resolution associated with litigation. Methods include: Mediation, Nonbinding arbitration, mini-trial, disputes review board. (CCAPG 10.5.4)
Non-conforming Work (see Deficiencies/non-confirming work)
Non-conforming Work (see Deficiencies/non-confirming work)
Nonrestrictive Specifications
The federal government and some other public authorities restrict the use of proprietary or exclusionary specifications except under special circumstances.
Nonrestrictive specifications may be developed from descriptive, performance, reference standard, or proprietary specifications, or from a combination of these four methods.
Descriptive and performance specifications can easily be used for nonrestrictive specifications. However, care must be taken to ensure that descriptive and performance requirements can be met by several manufacturers or suppliers. Failure to do so will make the specifications restrictive, even though a proprietary name has not been used. (CSPG 3.1.4.3)
Notice of Award
The Owner may issue a Notice of Award if preparation of the actual contract might be delayed. This procedure is required when a challenge period is required by statute. A notice of award establishes the beginning of any challenge period. (PDPG 11.5.2.4)
Notice to Proceed
The notice to proceed establishes the beginning date of construction and directs the Contractor to begin the project. (PDPG 13.4.2 CCAPG 3.2 (fig 3.1 & 3.2, CPRPG 9.7.2)
Notice to Proceed
The project time limit provisions are normally established by the date of commencement stated in the agreement. The date of commencement may be established by a notice to proceed. (CAPG 3.2 pg. 41)
NSPE
National Society of Professional Engineers. (CSPG 1.4.1)
Obligee
Obligee is the person for whose benefit the bond is written. With respect to a performance bond, the obligee is usually the Owner. Some performance bonds are written in favor of more than one obligee (e.g., a subcontractor’s bond may be written for the benefit of both Owner and Contractor, or a Contractor’s bond for the benefit of the Owner and the project lender). Such bonds are called dual obligee bonds. (Spec PG 16.2)
Observations – Site Visits
Most standard Owner-architect/engineer (A/E) agreements and conditions of the contract indicate that the A/E will perform CCA and will periodically visit the construction site to (1) ascertain progress and quality of the work, (2) inform the Owner of known deviations from the contract documents and defects and deficiencies observed in the work, (3) keep the Owner informed of the progress of the work, and (4) conduct inspections to determine the dates for substantial and final completion. (CAPG 6.0 pg. 103)
Observe
To perceive, notice (PDPG 13.7.2 CCAPG 6)
Occurrence (CGL)
This term means an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to conditions, that results in bodily injury or property damage neither expected nor intended from the standpoint of the insured. Occurrence policies cover claims made that arise from injury or damage that occurs during the policy period irrespective of when the claim is made against the insured.
See claims-made policy. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
Occurrence
An event which causes injury to people or damage to property. (PDPG 11.3.20.2 Spec PG 17.7)
OFCI
Owner-Furnished, Contractor-Installed (CCAPG 3.4.8.4)
Office Master Specification
The term office master specification is also used, principally to distinguish an A/E’s master specification from commercial master guide specifications. The office master specification may be derivative of commercial master guide specifications that were used as its basis. (PDPG 11.3.13 Spec PG 10.1, CSPG 10.1)
Omissions
Information concerning an element of work that is inadvertently excluded from the construction documents. Omissions are often caused by a lack of understanding of the responsibilities of the various design disciplines and the absence of a joint checklist. (CPRPG 6.9.4)
OmniClass™
Composed of 15 tables, each representing a different broad facet of construction information. Tables are structured as a faceted system that allows the tables to be used independently or in combination to organize hard-copy information libraries and projects as well as structure information in databases for storage and retrieval. (CSPG 4.2.1.2)
OmniClass™
OmniClass Construction Classification System (OCCS) is a multi-table system for organizing information used by the architectural engineering and construction industry. The OCCS is the basis for deriving relational applications and will support and empower the transfer and use of information in the construction marketplace, ultimately serving all participants who work to sustain the built environment throughout the entire life cycle of a facility. (PDPG 11.3.7.1, CSPG 4.2, 4.2.1.2, CPRPG 3.2.1)
Open Bidding
Any interested bidder that has the experience and qualifications, if specified, may submit bids. (PDPG 7.2.2)
Open Proprietary Specifications
Open proprietary specifications allow for alternative products and alleviate the problem of overpriced sole-source items. (PDPG 11.3.6.4; CSPG 3.1.4.1.2, CPRPG 7.2.4.1)
Operating Software
The contract documents may require the Contractor to furnish backup copies of operating software loaded into systems and equipment. This information is typically submitted on CDs and includes a backup copy of installed software, uninstall programs, and reinstall programs. (CCAPG 12.3.3.1)
Operation Activities
Operation activities include the management of the day-to-day functions of a facility and its systems such as utilities, production equipment, building and property infrastructure, mechanical and electrical, custodial and cleaning, and vertical and horizontal transportation. (PDPG 14.2.4)
Operation and Maintenance Manuals (O&M)
The most common and perhaps the most useful method of collecting O&M data is by assembling the information into a manual for delivery to the Owner and facility manager. These manuals contain valuable information about the O&M of systems and equipment. Requirements for the content of these manuals are specified in Division 01. Specific requirements for O&M data for products, systems, and equipment are specified in PART 1 GENERAL of individual specification sections in Divisions 02–49. The information required is ideally tailored to the needs of the Owner, the facility manager, and their operating staffs. (CSPG 13.3; CCAPG 12.3.3, CPRPG 10.3.1.2)
Oral Communications
Oral Communications such as telephone calls or field resolution of design or construction issues, but oral communications should be followed with written documentation confirming decisions or interpretations. (CCAPG 2.10.1)
Order of Precedence
Questions of precedence often arise among large-scale drawings, small- scale drawings, and specifications. However, the use of statements in the project manual to establish the precedence of the various contract documents is not recommended because the documents are complementary. The general conditions of the contract should indicate only that in a case of conflict between drawings and specifications, the A/E will make a documented interpretation. (PDPG 11.2.9.4 pg. 246)
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (CPRPG 6.3.1.3.2)
Other Bonds
Other Bonds
- Maintenance Bonds These bonds provide the Owner with assurance that, when required by the contract, the Contractor will provide ongoing maintenance services for the required period of time. Prior to receipt of an occupancy permit, the Owner may be required to provide maintenance bonds to the AHJs to ensure future performance related to compliance with mitigation agreements.
- Lien Bonds Lien bonds indemnify the Owner against the cost to remove liens filed against the facility by the Contractor, subcontractors, suppliers, and their employees.
- Retainage Bonds If agreeable to the Owner, the Contractor may choose to submit a bond to the Owner in lieu of having the Owner withhold retainage from payments to the Contractor. The bond provides protection to the Owner similar to the protection that withholding retainage offers.
- License and Permit Bonds Many AHJs require Contractors to post bonds before they are allowed to operate as Contractors. Certain Contractors, such as heavy construction, excavation, and underground utility Contractors, are often required to post bonds to ensure that the disturbance to an existing public roadway will be replaced or repaired in the exact manner prescribed by the AHJ. (CAPG 3.4.3 pg. 55)
Other States Coverage
Other States Coverage Workers’ compensation and employers’ liability insurance afford coverage only for the states listed on the information page. For insureds that may have employees traveling through other states, the endorsement may be used. By adding this endorsement to the policy, coverage is extended to all state laws listed in the endorsement’s schedule. However, coverage cannot be extended in this manner to monopolistic fund states. (Spec PG 17.7)
Outline Specifications
Outline Specifications aid in the design process and are the basis for revising cost estimates, schedules, and value analysis studies. They also serve as a checklist for the project team when selecting products and methods during development of the project manual. They are a means of communication among members of the project team and between the team and the Owner. Outline specifications help control the decision-making process and encourage clarity in the construction documents. The use of well-prepared outline specifications reduces the potential for design changes at later stages and the consequent inefficient use of design team time. Outline specifications can also be useful for the coordination of terminology between drawings and specifications. (PDPG 9.4.2)
Outline Specifications
Outline Specifications based on products and activities may also have been created for a project during design development. These may be more up to date and may also be used as a check list in preparing the project specifications. (CSPG 1.4.2, CPRPG 6.9.1)
Overhead (Contractor’s)
Overhead (Contractor’s) is the cost incurred by the Contractor for maintaining a viable business but not directly attributable to an individual project, including: Licensing required for conducting business in a jurisdiction; salaries, wages, and benefits for office personnel, general management, warehouse personnel, maintenance workers, and other employees engaged in daily operations at the Contractor’s place of business; General office expenses not related to an individual project, including rent, leases, mortgages, utilities, and related services; Leased or rented office equipment and furniture; Office supplies. Overhead is calculated as a percentage against the cost of a project. (PDPG 12.4.1.3)
Owner Team
Owner Team establishes the design requirements, budget, and time constraints for the project. As the ultimate purchaser of installed products, the Owner may have significant input on equipment and finish selections and may require information on product operation, maintenance, and warranties. Some Owners establish material and product standards for their projects. Standardizing products helps limit the replacement materials needed for ongoing maintenance and provides consistency in performance by minimizing the types of maintenance training necessary. Some Owners perform their own maintenance or hire specialty Contractors. (PDPG 2.2, CPRPG 4.1.1)
Owner
Owner may be a private company or a public agency. (PDPG 2.2; PDPG 2.2.1; PDPG 2.2.2)
Owner
Owner can refer to an individual or an entity. The Owner may be from the private sector or may be a government agency in the public sector. The Owner initiates the project and secures funding for the design, construction, and subsequent operation of the completed facility. (PDPG 2.2, CPRPG 4.2)
Owner’s Representative
Owner’s Representative may be used on projects in which the Owner is a large organization typically not involved in project construction as a primary business, such as a school district or hospital. The Owner’s representative makes decisions on behalf of the Owner during the design and construction document stages and makes final decisions during construction. (PDPG 2.2, CPRPG 2.6.1)
Owner-A/E Agreement
The contract between the Owner and the A/E should be reviewed to determine the extent of the A/E’s involvement during the construction process. (CSPG 1.10.1)
Owner-Build Project delivery method
Owner-Build Project delivery method - Owners involved in aspects of contracting for every portion of a construction project. Because the Owner can act similar to a Contractor, the construction contracts are between the Owner and the specialty Contractors (subcontractors). (PDPG 7.6, CPRPG Fig. 2.1f, CPRPG 5.4.5, CPRPG Fig. 5.11)
Owner-Initiated Substitutions
After contract award, the Owner may decide to change a certain product, system, or other element of the project. (PDPG 13. 9.3.2)
Owners and Contractors Protective Liability (OCP)
Owners and Contractors Protective Liability (OCP) Coverage for bodily injury or property damage liability caused by an occurrence and arising from the operations performed for the named insured by the Contractor designated, or acts or omissions of the named insured in connection with the named insured’s general supervision of such an operation. Coverage can be obtained by separate policy. The CGL policy provides the insured with automatic coverage for liability arising from independent Contractors. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
Owner’s Protective Liability
Additional coverage, called Owner’s protective insurance, may be appropriate to cover the same hazards as those covered by the Contractor’s general liability insurance. This is not duplicate coverage, as a legal liability exists for the Owner’s role in the construction process. (PDPG 11.3.20.2 Spec PG 17.3.4)
PageFormat
A standard page format provides an orderly and uniform arrangement of text for each page of a specification section. (PDPG 11.3.7.5, CSPG 4.2.5; PageFormat, Page 4, CPRPG 3.4)
Paragraph
One or more statements addressing a particular subject. (PDPG 11.3.7.5 PageFormat, Page 4)
Parking Consultant Design Team
Parking Consultant Design Team - (PDPG 2.3.17)
- Is responsible for the technical design and layout of parking areas and parking garages
- May prepare construction drawings and specifications
- May participate in construction administration
PART 1 – General
PART 1 – General describes administrative, procedural, and temporary requirements unique to the section. PART 1 is an extension of subjects covered in Division 01 and amplifies information unique to the section. (PDPG 11.3.7.4; CSPG 4.2.4.2; CSPG 12.12.1; SectionFormat, Page 4)
PART 2 PRODUCTS
PART 2 PRODUCTS describes materials, products, equipment, fabrications, mixes, systems, and assemblies that are required for incorporation into the project. Materials and products are included with the quality required. (PDPG 11.3.7.4 Spec PG 4.2.4.2)
PART 2 PRODUCTS
PART 2 PRODUCTS describes the systems, assemblies, equipment, products, materials, fabrications, and mixes that are to be incorporated into the project. (PDPG 11.3.7.4 Spec PG 4.2.4.2 SectionFormat, Page 4)
PART 3 EXECUTION
PART 3 EXECUTION describes installation or application, including preparatory actions and post-installation cleaning and protection. Site-built assemblies and site-manufactured products and system are included. (PDPG 11.3.7.4 Spec PG 4.2.4.2; SectionFormat, Page 4)
PART
One of the three groups of related information that make up a section (“GENERAL,” “PRODUCTS,” and “EXECUTION”). (PDPG 11.3.7.4 Spec PG 4.2.4.2 SectionFormat, Page 4)
Partial Submittals
Partial Submittals are sometimes necessary to expedite the project. For example, on a fast track project, the concrete reinforcement shop drawings might be submitted on a floor-by-floor basis. Systems may sometimes be broken down into components and separate submittals prepared for each of several items, such as an exterior pole and standard, luminaire, and base. Partial submittals should be identified as such. For the concrete reinforcement submittal, for example, if only floors 1 and 2 of a 10-story building are being transmitted, the drawings should be clearly marked “Partial Submission – Floors 1 and 2 Only.” (PDPG 13.12.2 CCAPG 5.6.2)
Parties to the Contract
The agreement is the written document signed by each party and is the legal instrument binding the parties to the contract. The agreement defines the relationships and obligations existing between the parties. (PDPG 5.3 Spec PG 5.4)
Partnering
Partnering is a concept of “team work” or “team building.” This concept may be required by the Owner or construction/project manager to help ensure cooperative efforts and proactive solutions. This concept is usually implemented by having a managerial consultant bring the participants together for an interactive session. Team members (participants) set priorities and goals to achieve This concept may also involve a pledge by those involved to make every attempt to resolve issues without conflict. Partnering as a concept attempts to make all team members partners in the process of executing the work and completing the facility. (PDPG 2.7, CPRPG 5.5.6)
Partnering
One such collaborative effort is known as partnering. The AGC states in Partnering—A Concept for Success that it strongly believes that all participants in the construction process need to work as partners. One of the primary benefits of this partnering process is that it increases the perception of all parties to the contract that they have the same common goals. (CAPG 1.2.4 pg. 6)
Party
Party refers to a signer of a contract, such as the Owner and Contractor in an Owner-Contractor agreement. When the intent is to include persons or companies, such as subcontractors and others who are involved in the construction process but are not signers of the contract, the generic entity should be used. (PDPG 5.3)
Payment (Basis of) Stipulated or lump sum, Unit price, Cost plus Fee
The contract sum may be established by a combination of base bid items, including unit prices, allowances, and alternates.
The payment administration process depends on the basis of payment identified in the contract documents for the various contract items. There are generally three bases of payment, and each places different demands on the project team. The three bases of payment are as follows: (CAPG 11.3 pg. 215)
- Stipulated Sum Common for building projects and for some heavy civil projects. On stipulated-sum or lump-sum contracts, a single price becomes the amount agreed upon for completion of the entire contract.
- Unit Price Common to civil engineering projects where final quantities can be measured only upon completion but cannot be determined at time of pricing. Under unit price contracts, the actual quantity of work is measured and verified as it is completed and payments are made at the agreed-upon unit price rates.
- Cost-Plus Fee Utilized where both the quantity and the cost per unit of work are uncertain or when the contract sum is a cost of the work plus fee not to exceed a guaranteed maximum price contract. Cost-plus fee payment, also referred to as the time and material basis of compensation, may also be applied to work required by change when the parties to the contract cannot agree on a price before performing the work.
Payment Bond
Payment Bond sometimes referred to as the labor and materials payment bond, guarantees that subcontractors, material suppliers, and others providing labor, material, and equipment to the project will be paid. (PDPG 11.3.19.6 Spec PG 16.9)
Payment Intervals
Payment Intervals between payments is normally identified in the contract documents. The payment interval specified should reflect the nature of the work of the project. Common payment intervals are as follows: (PDPG 13.12.2; CAPG 11.2 pg. 214)
- Periodic Progress Payments AIA and EJCDC documents refer to progress payments. The calendar month is the most common payment interval.
- Provisional Payments Provisional payments are predetermined partial amounts of the total contract sum tied to the attainment of identifiable milestones.
- Single Payment When projects are of a size that enables the work to be completed in a short period, the contract sum is small, or the vast majority of the contract sum is earned in the latter stages of the project, a single payment of the entire contract amount may be appropriate.
Payment Procedures
Payment Procedures establishes requirements for preparing and processing applications for payment. It establishes time periods for submitting applications and receiving payment. This article might also establish an interest rate for monies not paid when due. (Spec PG 5.4)
Payment Procedures
Payment Procedures identifies when the Contractor will submit applications for payment and when payment by the Owner to the Contractor will be made. (CCAPG 3.3.1.2)
Payment
The disbursement of money proportionate to that quantity of work. (CCAPG 11)
Penal Amount
Bonds are written with a limit on the amount of the guarantee. This limiting amount, frequently 100 percent of the contract amount, is called the penal sum or penal amount of the bond. (Spec PG 16.2)
Penalties, Bonuses, Incentives
In addition to the basic elements of agreements, provisions are sometimes added to contracts to ensure completion in a timely manner. These provisions are important to emphasize that “time is of the essence” and to avoid compounding financial damage by the Owner. (CPRPG 5.3.4.4)
Penalty/Bonus Clause
Penalty/Bonus Clause is a clause providing a penalty of a daily amount for not completing the work in the allotted time or by the agreed-upon date can be included in the contract. However, if there is a penalty clause in the contract, it should be accompanied by language that pays the Contractor a bonus/incentive amount for early completion. Usually the per-day amount for penalty and bonus/incentive are the same amount. (See Liquidated Damages) (PDPG 7.1.6.4)
Performance and Payment Bonds
Performance and Payment Bonds provides the most important protection for the Owner by guaranteeing that if the Contractor defaults, the surety will either complete the contract in accordance with its terms or provide sufficient funds, up to the penal amount of the bond, to fund such completion. (PDPG 11.3.19.5 pg. 308)
The payment bond, sometimes referred to as the labor and materials payment bond, guarantees subcontractors, material suppliers, and others providing labor, material, and equipment to the project will be paid. (PDPG 11.3.19.6, CSPG 16.8 )
Performance Criteria
The performance attributes of products should be evaluated first to determine the suitability of any particular product for installation on any specific project.
Attributes are the means by which performance characteristics are identified. An attribute can be defined as a characteristic of performance. (CPRPG 6.4.3)
Performance Specification
Performance Specification is a description of the required end result of a product or system and includes the criteria to be used for verification of proper installation. It is generally written to encourage the use of innovative construction techniques. (PDPG 11.3.6.2; PDPG 11.3.15, CSPG 3.1)
Performance Specifying
Performance Specifying can be extended from a single attribute to an entire project with numerous variations in between. Performance specifying is a method of indicating characteristics and requirements with measurable properties. By specifying the end result, performance specifying provides flexibility in optional solutions that all meet the same requirements. Various codes and standards are moving toward more performance criteria. (PDPG 11.3.6.2; PDPG 11.3.15, CSPG 12.1, CPRPG 7.2)
Performance Specifying
Performance Specifying specifies the required results, the criteria by which the performance will be judged, and the method by which it can be verified. The Contractor is free to choose materials and methods complying with the performance criteria. (PDPG 11.3.6.2; PDPG 11.3.15, CSPG 3.1)
Performance Specifying
Performance Specifying is a method of indicating characteristics and requirements with measurable properties. By specifying the end result, performance specifying provides flexibility in optional solutions that all meet the same requirements. (PDPG 11.3.6.2; PDPG 11.3.15, CSPG 12.1)
Peril
The cause of a loss insured against in the policy; (e.g., fire, windstorm, explosion, etc.) (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
Periodic Progress Payments
The calendar month is the most common payment interval. Monthly progress payments are appropriate for most projects, including those of long duration and high cost, where the rate of progress will vary from month to month. Twice-monthly or even weekly progress payments may be appropriate for small projects performed by small Contractors or large fast-track projects where large amounts of money are expended over brief periods on a regular basis. (PDPG 13.12.2 CCAPG 11.2)
Permit Documents
Permit Documents required by the regulatory authorities to evaluate the project and issue permits. (CPRPG 5.3.3.3)
Personal Networking
Investigating future projects through construction service publications is good planning, but should not be a replacement for personal networking. Through personal networking, product representatives may discover information on projects not yet known to the public. (CPRPG 2.10)
Perspective
Perspective is a type of drawing that illustrates objects as they appear to the eye, with reference to relative distance and depth. (PDPG 11.2.4.3)
Phases (Of Design)
In the terminology of AIA and DBIA, the design stage consists of two phases: schematic design and design development. In EJCDC terminology, the design process consists of preliminary design and final design. (PDPG 3.2.1; PDPG 3.2.3)
Plan-viewing Services
Plan-viewing Services Plan rooms such as Builder’s Exchanges, McGraw-Hill Dodge Plan Rooms, Reed Construction Data offices, and other associations provide access to many projects out for bid both electronically and hard copy. (CPRPG 2.10)
Planning / Pre-Design
The decision-making process during this stage provides the foundation for successful progression through subsequent project stages. The process involves a series of repeated activities including identification, analysis, and refinement. Project conception is often a creative stage for the Owner; it requires a clear understanding of project values and goals which become the basis of many decisions. A facility program documents these decisions, resulting in a framework for future design decisions, operational procedures, and determining project feasibility. (PDPG 6.2)
Plumbing Engineer Design Team
Plumbing Engineer Design Team – (PDPG 2.3.6)
- Is Responsible for the technical and engineering design of the supply and distribution of domestic water, removal of sewerage, directing rainwater off the roof, and medical gas systems for hospitals, including the necessary equipment’
- Provides construction drawings and specifications
- Participates in construction administration
Policy Term
The period for which the mode premium has been paid. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
Policy
The insurance policy is a contract or agreement between the insurer and the insured. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
Post Occupancy Evaluation
Post Occupancy Evaluation Facility managers should perform a post occupancy evaluation three to six months after initial occupancy. The post occupancy evaluation becomes the baseline for the ongoing facility evaluation program. (CAPG 12.5.1 pg. 257)
Pre-Bid Meeting
Pre-Bid Meeting, normally convened at the site, allows the Owner, A/E, and consultants to orient the prospective Contractors to conditions affecting the project. The Owner may make attendance a mandatory condition of bidding. (PDPG 12.7.1.6, CPRPG 8.4.1.6)
Preconstruction Meetings
Preconstruction Meetings are important for introducing the project team, establishing the ground rules for communication, and explaining the administrative process. In many cases, a single meeting is all that is required; however, large, complex, or multi-prime Contractor projects may require more than one meeting. A procedural meeting may cover administrative procedures, such as communication, submittals, testing, and inspection. A second mobilization meeting may address use of the site. (PDPG 13.5.2.1 CCAPG 4.2.1)
Preconstruction Submittals
Generally, no work should begin until all required pre-construction submittals have been submitted by the Contractor and reviewed by the A/E and Owner. When the Contractor receives the notice to proceed, preparation and delivery of the pre-construction submittals should begin as soon as possible. These submittals may include: Certificates of insurance and workers compensation coverage; Payment and performance bonds; Proposed subcontractor and product lists; Preliminary construction progress schedule; Submittal schedule with dates coordinated with construction progress schedule; Proposed use of the site and site logistics, including project identification signage; Erosion control plan; Pollution control plan; Traffic control plan; Sustainable project action plan. (PDPG 13.4.4 CCAPG 5.2, CPRPG 9.7.4)
Precontract Revisions
Precontract Revisions include revisions made prior to signing the agreement. Addenda are written or graphic information issued to clarify, revise, add to, or delete information in the original procurement documents or in previous addenda. Typically, an addendum is issued prior to the receipt of bids or proposals. Other revisions may include bid or proposal revisions when permitted. Addenda items affecting the contract documents are contract document revisions and should be enforced during the administration of the contract. (CCAPG 1.3.4)
Preinstallation Meetings
Preinstallation Meetings help to clarify installation procedures, phasing, and coordination of the participants and processes involved in the installation of a specific product or system. These meetings are usually specified to focus on specific concerns and do not relieve the Contractor of the responsibility to coordinate the work. (PDPG 13.5.2.4 CCAPG 4.2.4, CPRPG 9.8.2.4)
Preliminary Coordination
Preliminary Coordination Construction Documents are general reviewed at set milestones. Drafts of interim specification sections and copies of interim drawings should be collected and reviewed for coordination of information. Consultants should review the drawings and specifications of other disciplines and forward corrections and comments to the A/E for communication to other project team members. (CSPG 8.1.4.1)
Preliminary Project Description (PPD)
Preparing the preliminary project description requires the design team to think the project through and document decisions and design criteria in broad terms. Changes can be made during development of the document and throughout subsequent refinement and value analysis stages, without disrupting the ongoing design process. The document should include information suitable for preliminary cost estimates, time schedules, and initial value analysis studies. The emphasis of the preliminary project description is on describing the physical requirements of the project, but it should not be considered as the first step in preparing the project specifications. Identification of actual materials to be used is often tentative and may change during later stages of design. (PDPG 9.3.2, CPRPG 6.8.1)
Preliminary Project Description (PPD)
These descriptions based on systems and assemblies may have been created for a project during schematic design and can be used as a checklist in preparing the project specifications. (CSPG 1.4.2)
PPD Format
A PPD organizes and defines major project elements, systems, and subsystems in their basic construction sequence rather than the individual products that comprise them.
UniFormat™ provides an efficient organizational and numbering system for creating PPDs, especially for large projects with multiple elements. (CPRPG 6.8.1.4)
Preliminary Review
After the first draft of the specification has been prepared, a preliminary review and coordination of all the construction documents should be reviewed by members of the project team who are familiar with design and detailing to identify errors, oversights, and new or changed decisions. (CSPG 1.12)
Preliminary Review
Preliminary Review of the project manual should also include coordination with the drawings. Consistent terminology, elimination of duplicate information, inclusion of all products, and other concerns should be checked. (CSPG 1.12)
Preliminary Studies
These due diligence studies are investigations carried out by the Owner, independently or in consultation with a development consultant and other experts, to identify the conditions and influences that will shape the project concept and clarify the Owner’s values and goals (PDPG 6.3)
Prepayment
Manufacturers often require prepayment on orders for custom products to ensure that payment is made even if the product is not used. (CPRPG 6.4)
Preventative Maintenance
A planned and controlled program of periodic inspection, adjustment, lubrication, and replacement of components, as well as performance testing and analysis. (PDPG 14.2.4.2)
Price
Price is presented in one of two ways: 1) a bid that will be compared with other bids submitted by other prospective Contractors in a competitive process; 2) an offer in the form of a proposal in a negotiation process (PDPG 12.1)
Pricing
Construction pricing is a complex evaluation process to determine construction cost and profit. Pricing involves a comprehensive cost analysis of the project requirements, based on the information contained in the procurement documents and other information obtained during the period preceding bidding or formal negotiation. (PDPG 12.4, CPRPG 8.2)
Pricing Documents
The documents used to obtain pricing from prospective Contractors are referred to as the procurement documents. In a negotiation process the documents are referred to as pricing documents. (PDPG 12.1)
Prime A/E
Prime A/E should assume responsibility for overall coordination of the specifications, to make sure the specifications from all parties are complete, compatible, consistent, and without duplication or overlap. (CSPG 1.5.8)
Prime Tenant
Prime Tenant is an individual or organization that will occupy a major lease space within a building owned by another entity. (CPRPG 2.6.1)
Principal
The A/E principal, who has Ownership in the firm, is involved throughout the life of the project and continues as the primary communicator with the project Owner as decisions are made. (CPRPG 2.6.2)
Principal or Vice President (Architect) Design Team
Principal or Vice President (Architect) Design Team - The principal, who is the Owner/one of the Owners/officer of the company, is involved throughout the life of the project and continues as the primary communicator with the project Owner as decisions are made. As the major design executive for the project, the A/E principal usually signs agreements that bind the A/E to the contract requirements. (PDPG 2.3.1.1)
Principal-in-Charge (Architect) Design Team
Principal-in-Charge (Architect) Design Team - (PDPG 2.3.1.1)
- Is Typically an Owner, principal, or officer of the firm that bears ultimate responsibility for the project and is final decision- maker for the firm
- Is authorized to sign and commit the firm to binding contracts
- May or may not seal the documents
- Provides global “high -altitude” management and is not involved with day-to-day activities
- Represents the firm to others
- Usually is not involved in the details of design, documents, or construction
- Usually does not meet with product manufacturer representatives or suppliers
Principal-in-Charge Contractor Team
Principal-in-Charge Contractor Team – (PDPG 2.4.1.1)
- Typically an Owner, principal, or officer of the firm that bears ultimate responsibility for the project and is final decision-maker for the firm
- Is authorized to sign and commit the firm to binding contracts
- Provides global “high -altitude” management and is not involved with day-to-day activities
- Represents the firm to others
- Usually is not involved in the details of construction
Procedural Meeting
Procedural Meeting (often referred to as the preconstruction meeting) is held before the start of construction. (PDPG 13.5.2.1 CCAPG 4.2.1.1)
Procurement and Contracting Requirements Group
Procurement and Contracting Requirements Group is the location within MasterFormat for introductory information and procurement information as well as the location for information defining the relationships, responsibilities, and processes for construction. (PDPG 11.3.7.3)
Procurement and Contracting Requirements, Division 00
Procurement and Contracting Requirements, Division 00 instruct the bidders or proposers about the established procedures for preparing and submitting their bids or proposals. Procurement requirements are addressed to prospective bidders or proposers interested in the project. Although not necessarily part of a contract, the procurement requirements are usually bound with other written construction documents into a project manual. Contracting requirements, though not specifications, are legal documents that describe contractual requirements. Contracting requirements define the processes, rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the parties to the contract. (PDPG 11.4 CSPG 1.14)
Procurement Documents
In some instances, the Owner will furnish instructions for procurement, procurement forms, and bid security forms. (CSPG 1.10.11)
Procurement Documents
Procurement Documents are used to obtain pricing from prospective Contractors are referred to as the procurement documents. In a competitive bidding process the documents are referred to as bidding documents. (PDPG 12.7.1.4, CPRPG 8.4.1.4)
Procurement Documents
Procurement Documents consist of the procurement and contracting requirements and the proposed contract documents. They are used to solicit pricing, that is, bids or proposals from prospective Contractors. (PDPG 12.7.1.4, CPRPG 8.1)
Procurement Requirements
Procurement Requirements instruct the bidders or proposers about the established procedures for preparing and submitting their bids or proposals. Procurement requirements are addressed to prospective bidders or proposers interested in the project. Although not necessarily part of a contract, the procurement requirements are usually bound with other written construction documents into a project manual. Typically, procurement requirements include the following documents: Solicitation, instructions for procurement, available information, procurement forms and supplements, and addenda. (PDPG 11.4; CSPG 1.14)
Products
Products that are must be coordinated among team members to determine whether the product is appropriate for the project. (CSPG 1.4.2)
Product Binder
Product Binder (CPRPG 2.12.2, Fig. 2.2)
Product Descriptions
Product Descriptions are detailed technical data giving composition, materials, properties, and characteristics of the product. (CPRPG 2.12.2)
Product Data
Product Data includes illustrations, standard schedules, diagrams, performance charts, instructions, and brochures that illustrate physical appearance, size, and other characteristics of materials and equipment for some portion of the work. (PDPG 13.6.3.1; CCAPG 5.3.1.1)
Product Evaluation
To move the project from schematic design-to-design development, the design team, led by the A/E, must select products that will fulfill the project criteria. By identifying and selecting individual products, the A/E can develop drawings, specifications, and construction cost information to bring the design stage to completion. (CPRPG 6.4)
Product Knowledge Presentation Checklist
Product Knowledge Presentation Checklist (CPRPG 2.16.2, Fig 2.5)
Product Library
Many, but not all, A/Es, Contractors, and other decision makers have manufacturers’ product binders and information in their office technical libraries. (CPRPG 2.12)
Product Lists
Standard AIA general conditions require the Contractor to submit lists of proposed subcontractors. Some Owners may require these to be submitted with the Contractor’s bid or proposal. In order for the Owner and A/E to verify acceptability, the lists are required before work begins. These lists are prepared by the Contractor, submitted to the A/E for review, and forwarded by the A/E to the Owner for final approval. Product lists are a means for the A/E to verify that the Contractor uses only specified products or approved substitutions. They are also valuable to the Contractor in verifying that suppliers and subcontractors use products that comply with the specified requirements. (CCAPG 3.4.4 (fig. 3.6))
Product Notebook
In the process of preparing specifications, the A/E should refer to the product notebook for information and catalog cuts collected during the design stage. This notebook will serve as a compilation of products selected for the project, so there will be less need to query the project A/E about decisions already made. (CSPG 1.4.2)
Product Representative
Advises design professionals, Owners, Contractors, and subcontractors on products and systems to be incorporated into the project (PDPG 10.6 Spec PG 1.4.1, CPRPG 2.1, CPRPG 4.2)
Product Representative
Product Representative are individuals and companies involved in the promotion and sale of construction products and systems are product representatives. (PDPG 13.3.9 Spec PG 1.4.1 CCAPG 2.9)
Product Representative
Product Representative is used to designate the individual who promotes the use of a product or group of products in projects where their use is consistent with the design capabilities of the products. (CPRPG 1.5)
Product Selection Decisions
All product selection decisions should be recorded, and the A/E must direct or be made aware of product selection decisions. This requires systematic and progressive compiling of information, beginning with early design phases. (CSPG 1.4.2)
Product Shows
Local, regional, and national product shows offer exceptional opportunities for product representatives to display or demonstrate their manufacturers’ products to many project team participants in a single effort. The potential buyer or decision maker may or may not have a need for the product at that time, but this effort may generate many leads. (CPRPG 2.10)
Product Shows
Product Shows provides the opportunity for product representatives to present a product to many people. The audience is not captive as in a seminar, and the attendee’s time is limited. The opportunity for a lengthy product presentation is unlikely. CPRPG 2.17.3)
Product Uses
An explanation of uses and applications of product. A statement of product capabilities, compatibilities, performance data, limitations, product comparison sheets, and inappropriate applications should also be given. (CPRPG 2.12.2)
Professional Organizations
Professional organizations such as CSI or those related to a specific industry are good places for product representatives to begin personal networking to gather new leads on potential projects. (CPRPG 2.10)
Profit
Profit is the financial benefit that the Contractor will realize after all costs and claims for the project are paid. It is often calculated as a percentage of the total costs. (PDPG 12.4.1.4, CPRPG 8.2.4)
