Module 6 - Key Terms - Part 2 Flashcards
Liquidated Damages
Liquidated Damages are usually a fixed monetary amount per day, deducted from monies due the Contractor for failure to substantially complete the work within a stipulated time or by a stated calendar date. Some form of documentation is desirable to substantiate the potential loss from delay of completion. If the amount for liquidated damages is not based upon financial loss and is an excessive arbitrary amount, disproportionate to the value of the performance, it might be considered a penalty and become unenforceable. (PDPG 7.1.6.6; PDPG 13.12.13, CPRPG 5.3.4.6, CPRPG 10.10)
Liquidated Damages
Liquidated Damages is the amount that the Owner has determined it will cost to not have use of the facility. Liquidated damages are usually assessed for each day beyond the designated substantial completion date that the project is not completed. (CAPG 3.4.8.15 pg. 65)
Liquidated damages stated in the agreement are usually invoked when substantial completion is not achieved by the indicated date or within the indicated time. (PDPG 7.1.6.6; PDPG 13.12.13; CAPG 11.13 pg. 230)
Long Lead-Time Items
Elevators, escalators, chillers and boilers, transformers, switchgear and substations, or specialized equipment and systems. (CPRPG 5.3.3.3)
Longshoremen and Harbor Workers Act
A federal act requiring certain compensation levels for injured longshoremen and harbor workers. This exposure may be insured commercially or by using self-insurance. The classifications of persons falling under the provisions of this act are broadening widely. (Spec PG 17.7)
Loss
Loss (1) The basis of a claim for damages under the terms of a policy. (2) Loss of assets resulting from a pure risk. Broadly categorized, the types of losses of concern to risk managers include: personnel loss, property loss, time element, and legal liability. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
Loss of Use Insurance
Coverage to compensate the policyholder for loss suffered because the policyholder cannot use the property destroyed or damaged by an insured peril. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
Lump Sum
Lump Sum price (sometimes called stipulated sum) is an agreed amount for a described extent of work, based upon complete or partially complete construction documents. This is the simplest method of stating the basis of payment wherein a single amount is agreed upon for completion of the entire contract. (PDPG 7.1.6.1)
Machinery Insurance
See Boiler and Machinery Insurance
Maintenance and Operating Tools
Maintenance and Operating Tools are typically unusual, nonstandard, or proprietary tools required for equipment and systems maintenance or for operating access doors, valves, and security panels. (CCAPG 12.3.3.2)
Maintenance Bond
These bonds provide the Owner with assurance that, when required by the contract, the Contractor will provide ongoing maintenance services for the required period of time. (CCAPG 3.4.3, CPRPG 9.7.4.3.1)
Maintenance
Maintenance work needed to preserve or restore roads, buildings, landscaping, site improvements, utilities, equipment, and other facilities to original condition or such condition that they can be used for their intended purpose. (PDPG 14.2.4.2)
Maintenance
Preventive maintenance requirements should be considered during product selection, because maintenance costs affect the life cycle cost of products and equipment. (CPRPG 6.4.6.5)
Management Services (Construction)
Management Services (Construction) may be utilized early in the project development to complement design services. These management services may simply involve establishing construction costs of the design or may be more formally established as project management or construction management. Construction expertise is extensive and diverse and this expertise is offered similar to other professional services. (Spec PG 1.14.2)
MANU-SPEC Guide Specifications (CPRPG 2.12.2, Fig. 2.3)
MANU-SPEC Guide Specifications (CPRPG 2.12.2, Fig. 2.3)
Manufacturer Certifications
Manufacturers may require fabricators or installers of their products to be certified by the manufacturer as a condition of the sale or a condition before a warranty can be issued. (PDPG 4.6.2)
Manufacturer Information
Manufacturer Produces or fabricates products to be incorporated in the project. (CPRPG 4.2)
Manufacturer
Produces or fabricates products to be incorporated in the project. (PDPG 2.5)
Manufacturer
Provides technical information, including product data, regarding the product and advice on its application, and its implementation in a project. (CSPG 1.4.2)
Manufacturer
The manufacturer’s responsibilities in the sales process may include providing submittal data, technical assistance, and selling products. Manufacturers may also provide product information and technical assistance to A/Es and product warranties to the Owner. (CPRPG 2.18.1)
Manufacturer’s Employees
Manufacturer’s Employees is responsible for making sales and possibly placing orders and arranging for shipment of products if the manufacturer does not have a separate order-processing department. The manufacturer’s employee assists in communication between the distributors and suppliers, works with bidders to see that they have the appropriate pricing information for bidding, and may help put bid packages together. A bidder may call the manufacturer’s employee to ask if any special pricing is available for the buyer. The manufacturer’s employee may also work with the distributors to determine what type of products to stock based on the economic forecast, seasonal conditions affecting product demand, and environmental conditions and regulations.
Manufacturer’s employees typically consist of sales employees, marketing employees, and technical employees. (PDPG 2.5.1.1)
Manufacturer’s Employees
Manufacturer’s Employees are agents. They are legally bound to sell a product or perform a service and are generally excluded from representing other manufacturer’s products. These employees speak for the manufacturers. (CPRPG 2.5.1)
Manufacturer’s Instructions
These include manufacturer-prepared instructions concerning the proper application or installation of a product or system. The Contractor and A/E use this information to verify that the project is ready for installation and that the installation follows the recommendations of the manufacturer. (CAPG 5.3.2.5)
Manufacturer’s Field Report
These reports document the testing and verification actions taken by manufacturer’s representatives to verify compliance with manufacturer’s standards or instructions. Field reports provide assurance that the entity in the best position to judge the integrity of the installation has made that determination. Field verification by a representative of the manufacturer is often required as a prerequisite for issuance of a manufacturer’s warranty or guaranty. (CCAPG 5.3.2.6)
Marketing Employees
Marketing Employees research the market to determine what is important to buyers and decision makers. Their research evaluates and targets buyers and decision makers, assists in establishing criteria for the product that satisfies the buyers and decision makers, and provides information to price the product competitively. (CPRPG 2.5.1)
Master Guide Specification
The term master guide specification used for prepared specification sections intended to be edited and used as project specifications. (CSPG 10.1)
Master Planning
Master Planning is the design of multiple projects with integrated and complementary functions on the same site or contiguous sites to fulfill the requirements of an extensive program. (CPRPG 6.2.4.1)
Master Section Pro Forma
Master Section Pro Forma or template is the easiest way to promote consistency from section to section, and should follow the CSI SectionFormat™ and PageFormat™. (CSPG 10.4.2)
Master Specifications
The term master specifications refer to the documents used as guides for preparing project specifications. (CSPG 10.1)
MasterFormat
MasterFormat jointly developed by CSI and Construction Specifications Canada, is an organizational structure providing numbers and titles for the variety of subject matter necessary for the construction, operation, and maintenance of a facility. MasterFormat provides a system of six digit and eight-digit numbers and titles for organizing construction information into a standard order or sequence. By establishing a master list of numbers and titles, MasterFormat promotes standardization, facilitates the placement and retrieval of information, and improves construction communication. (PDPG 11.3.7.3 Spec PG 4.2.3)
MasterFormat
MasterFormat establishes the organizational structure for the documents and sections within a project manual, each with its unique number and title. (CSPG 4.2.3)
MasterFormat
MasterFormat is an organizational structure providing numbers and titles for the variety of work results necessary for the construction, operation, and maintenance of a facility. MasterFormat ® provides a system of six-digit and eight-digit numbers and titles for organizing construction information into a standard order or sequence. (CPRPG 3.2.3)
MBE/DBE
Minority Business Enterprise/Disadvantaged Business Enterprise
Measurement
Measurement means quantifying the amount of work eligible for payment and payment is the disbursement of money proportionate to that quantity of work. Under some contracts, measurement may involve only identifying the attainment of specified milestones for which predetermined amounts of payment are to be paid. Under other contracts, particularly unit-price contracts, measurement means verifying the quantities of work submitted for payment based on unit prices. (CCAPG 11)
Mechanical Engineer Design Team
Mechanical Engineer Design Team - (PDPG 2.3.4)
- Is responsible for the technical and engineering design of the movement and distribution of heated and cooled air, ventilation, and removal of odors, including the necessary equipment
- Provides construction drawings and specifications
- Participates in construction administration
Mechanical Systems
Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems; fire protection systems; communications equipment; and controls. (CPRPG 5.3.3.3)
Mediation
Mediation is an extension of negotiation whereby a neutral party acts as a facilitator to aid the parties in finding a mutually acceptable settlement of the claim. (CCAPG 10.5.4)
Meeting, Closeout
Meeting, Closeout is used to review requirements for the completion of the contract and to obtain submittal of the necessary final documents. Separate meetings may be required for substantial completion, final completion, and warranty reviews. (CAPG 4.2.5 pg. 80, CPRPG 10.2)
Meetings, Contractor/subcontractor
Meetings, Contractor/subcontractor meetings address the progress and scheduling of the work, coordination between the Contractor and subcontractors, and coordination between two or more subcontractors. These meetings frequently address contract issues such as applications for payment, project site safety, RFIs, and contract modifications. (CAPG 4.2.3 pg. 78)
Meetings, Preconstruction
Meetings, Preconstruction are important for introducing the project team, establishing the ground rules for communication, and explaining the administrative process. In many cases, a single meeting is all that is required; however, large, complex, or multiple-prime Contractor projects may require more than one meeting. A procedural meeting may cover administrative procedures, such as communication, submittals, testing, and inspection. A second mobilization meeting may address use of the site. (CAPG 4.2.1 pg. 73)
Meetings, Preinstallation
Meetings, Preinstallation help to clarify installation procedures, phasing, and coordination of the participants and processes involved in the installation of a specific product or system. These meetings are usually specified to focus on specific concerns and do not relieve the Contractor of the responsibility to coordinate the work. (CAPG 4.2.4 pg. 79)
Meetings, Progress concern
Meetings, Progress concern the progress of the work. They provide a forum in which matters pertinent to the timely completion of the work can be discussed. (CAPG 4.2.2 pg. 76)
Merchantability
If the seller is a merchant who deals with goods of the kind being conveyed, a warranty is implied that the goods are fit for the ordinary purposes for which such goods are used. (Spec PG 13.4.2)
Methods of Specifying
Methods of Specifying (PDPG 11.3.6 pg. 260)
- Descriptive.* A prescriptive method—products and processes are specified but not the results.
- Performance.* A method of specifying results, but not the means to achieve them.
- Reference standard.* A method that can be used for prescriptive or performance specifications.
- Proprietary.* A prescriptive method—products and processes are specified but not the results.
Mini-Trial
Mini-Trial method is not an actual trial. It is a structured process that allows the parties to present the necessary facts and elements of the claim and the concepts of law applicable to the claim in a compressed period of time. A neutral party hearing the case is normally a skilled legal practitioner who can render an opinion based on established case law and the limits of the contract documents (CCAPG 10.5.4)
Minimum Purchase Orders
Custom products may have a minimum quantity or purchase order cost requirement for the product as well as for shipping. (CPRPG 6.4)
Minor Changes in the Work
Minor Changes in the Work are defined as instructions or interpretations not involving adjustment to the contract sum or time. Such changes are made by the architect’s supplemental instructions directing the Contractor to make stated modifications. The architect’s supplemental instruction does not require the Owner’s signature. (CSPG 9.5)
Minor changes
Minor changes to the project or clarifications of the contract documents are defined as instructions or clarifications not involving adjustment of the contract sum or time. The AIA form for this type of change is the architect’s supplemental instruction. (Spec PG 9.5; CAPG 8.2.1.4 pg. 153)
Minutes
Minutes record the date, time, location, and weather conditions at the time of the meeting. Meeting minutes include a list of attendees with their respective company names and phone numbers. Fax numbers and e-mail addresses may also be included. This is easily accomplished by passing around a sign-in sheet. An indication of late arrivals and early departures should be noted. Minutes should follow the agenda and be in a format that allows easy identification of the actions required of each participant. Verbatim transcriptions are not necessary, but the essence of the subjects discussed, as well as decisions reached, should be documented. (CCAPG 4.1.5)
Miscellaneous Provisions
States that where reference is made in the agreement to a provision of the general conditions or another contract document, the reference refers to that provision as amended or supplemented by other provisions of the contract documents. Miscellaneous provisions might also state that interest can be applied to payments under the contract documents that are due and unpaid, at a predetermined rate. (CSPG 5.4)
Mobilization
Mobilization entails setting up the temporary facilities that the Contractor will need to perform the work required by the project. (CPRPG 9.7.8)
Mock-Ups
State the requirements for full-size erected assemblies to ensure understanding and coordination of required construction. Also used for testing and observation and for establishing standards by which workmanship will be judged. (CSPG 1.8.4)
Modifications
After execution of the agreement, contract documents can be modified by change orders, change directives or minor changes. (PDPG 13.9 CCAPG 3.3.1.8)
Modifications
Contract modifications include modifications after the construction agreement has been signed and additions to, deletions from, or modifications of the work to be done are accomplished by change orders, construction change directives, work change directives, field orders, architect’s supplemental instructions, orders for minor changes, and written amendments. These can be issued at any time during the contract period. (PDPG 13.9)
Modifications
There are two types of modifications: those that require a change to the contract sum or time, and those that do not. Changes to the contract sum or time require a change order. Changes that do not affect cost or time are minor changes in the work and may take the form of substitutions, supplemental instructions, or field orders. (PDPG 13.9 CCAPG 8)
Monopolistic Fund State
State organizations that have the exclusive right to insure within the respective states the employer’s workers’ compensation liability. The monopolistic fund states are Nevada, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming. (Spec PG 17.7)
MSDS
Material Safety Data Sheet
Multiple Prime Contracts
D-B-B and D-N-B project delivery methods usually involve a single contract but may involve administering multiple-prime contracts. Multiple-prime contracts are generally associated with the construction management project delivery method. If a construction manager is not involved, the Owner may be required to administer and coordinate the contracts. (CAPG 1.4.3 pg. 13)
Multiple Prime Contracts
In a multiple-prime construction project, the work is divided among several Contractors and each enters into a separate contract with the Owner. (PDPG 5.6.2)
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement
Named Insured
Any person, company, or corporation or any of its members specifically designated by name as insured(s) in the policy as distinguished from others who, although unnamed, are protected by the policy definition. A named insured under the policy has rights and responsibilities not attributed to additional insureds, such as premium payment, premium return, notice of cancellation, and dividend participation. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
Named Perils
Named Perils policies specify the perils that are insured against, as distinguished from the all-risk and broad-form policies. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NAVFAC
Naval Facilities Engineering Command
NCS
National CAD Standard
Negotiated Contract
Negotiated Contract is when the Owner and the Contractor negotiate a construction contract, the goal is to achieve mutual benefits to each and to avoid the inherent risks of a competitive environment among Contractors (however, competition still occurs between specialty subcontractors and material suppliers). The negotiated contract is based on a combination of factors, such as the following: (PDPG 7.3)
- Specific Contractor expertise
- Project completion can be expedited
- How effectively construction costs can be controlled
- Project type
- Owner’s capability or priorities
- Issues related to the construction process
Negotiating
Negotiating is a process of dialogue, offer, compromise, and resolution between two parties’ precedent to an agreement or contract modification. (PDPG 12.8, CPRPG 8.5)
Negotiation Procedures
Negotiation Procedures include the following steps: An RFP by One Participant to Another to Engage in a Negotiation Process; Discovery; Pricing Procedures; Offer; Counteroffer; Resolution; Award of Contract; Execution. (PDPG 12.8.3)
NEMA
National Electrical Manufacturers Association
Network Analysis Diagram (Schedule)
Network Analysis Diagram (Schedule) consists of a time analysis of a network of activities that outlines the steps needed to complete a project. The critical path is the path that establishes the optimum sequence and duration of operations between the first and last events. (CCAPG 3.4.8 (fig. 3.8))
NIBS
National Institute of Building Sciences
NIC
Not In Contract
NIST
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Non-binding Arbitration
As the term implies, this is a form of arbitration that can be appealed in other venues. (CCAPG 10.5.4)
Nonbinding Dispute Resolution
Nonbinding Dispute Resolution may use methods similar to binding dispute resolution or other less formal methods. Several forms of nonbinding dispute resolution have emerged in response to the high cost of legal fees and lengthy periods of resolution associated with litigation. Methods include: Mediation, Nonbinding arbitration, mini-trial, disputes review board. (CCAPG 10.5.4)
Non-conforming Work (see Deficiencies/non-confirming work)
Non-conforming Work (see Deficiencies/non-confirming work)
Nonrestrictive Specifications
The federal government and some other public authorities restrict the use of proprietary or exclusionary specifications except under special circumstances.
Nonrestrictive specifications may be developed from descriptive, performance, reference standard, or proprietary specifications, or from a combination of these four methods.
Descriptive and performance specifications can easily be used for nonrestrictive specifications. However, care must be taken to ensure that descriptive and performance requirements can be met by several manufacturers or suppliers. Failure to do so will make the specifications restrictive, even though a proprietary name has not been used. (CSPG 3.1.4.3)
Notice of Award
The Owner may issue a Notice of Award if preparation of the actual contract might be delayed. This procedure is required when a challenge period is required by statute. A notice of award establishes the beginning of any challenge period. (PDPG 11.5.2.4)
Notice to Proceed
The notice to proceed establishes the beginning date of construction and directs the Contractor to begin the project. (PDPG 13.4.2 CCAPG 3.2 (fig 3.1 & 3.2, CPRPG 9.7.2)
Notice to Proceed
The project time limit provisions are normally established by the date of commencement stated in the agreement. The date of commencement may be established by a notice to proceed. (CAPG 3.2 pg. 41)
NSPE
National Society of Professional Engineers. (CSPG 1.4.1)
Obligee
Obligee is the person for whose benefit the bond is written. With respect to a performance bond, the obligee is usually the Owner. Some performance bonds are written in favor of more than one obligee (e.g., a subcontractor’s bond may be written for the benefit of both Owner and Contractor, or a Contractor’s bond for the benefit of the Owner and the project lender). Such bonds are called dual obligee bonds. (Spec PG 16.2)
Observations – Site Visits
Most standard Owner-architect/engineer (A/E) agreements and conditions of the contract indicate that the A/E will perform CCA and will periodically visit the construction site to (1) ascertain progress and quality of the work, (2) inform the Owner of known deviations from the contract documents and defects and deficiencies observed in the work, (3) keep the Owner informed of the progress of the work, and (4) conduct inspections to determine the dates for substantial and final completion. (CAPG 6.0 pg. 103)
Observe
To perceive, notice (PDPG 13.7.2 CCAPG 6)
Occurrence (CGL)
This term means an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to conditions, that results in bodily injury or property damage neither expected nor intended from the standpoint of the insured. Occurrence policies cover claims made that arise from injury or damage that occurs during the policy period irrespective of when the claim is made against the insured.
See claims-made policy. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
Occurrence
An event which causes injury to people or damage to property. (PDPG 11.3.20.2 Spec PG 17.7)
OFCI
Owner-Furnished, Contractor-Installed (CCAPG 3.4.8.4)
Office Master Specification
The term office master specification is also used, principally to distinguish an A/E’s master specification from commercial master guide specifications. The office master specification may be derivative of commercial master guide specifications that were used as its basis. (PDPG 11.3.13 Spec PG 10.1, CSPG 10.1)
Omissions
Information concerning an element of work that is inadvertently excluded from the construction documents. Omissions are often caused by a lack of understanding of the responsibilities of the various design disciplines and the absence of a joint checklist. (CPRPG 6.9.4)
OmniClass™
Composed of 15 tables, each representing a different broad facet of construction information. Tables are structured as a faceted system that allows the tables to be used independently or in combination to organize hard-copy information libraries and projects as well as structure information in databases for storage and retrieval. (CSPG 4.2.1.2)
OmniClass™
OmniClass Construction Classification System (OCCS) is a multi-table system for organizing information used by the architectural engineering and construction industry. The OCCS is the basis for deriving relational applications and will support and empower the transfer and use of information in the construction marketplace, ultimately serving all participants who work to sustain the built environment throughout the entire life cycle of a facility. (PDPG 11.3.7.1, CSPG 4.2, 4.2.1.2, CPRPG 3.2.1)
Open Bidding
Any interested bidder that has the experience and qualifications, if specified, may submit bids. (PDPG 7.2.2)
Open Proprietary Specifications
Open proprietary specifications allow for alternative products and alleviate the problem of overpriced sole-source items. (PDPG 11.3.6.4; CSPG 3.1.4.1.2, CPRPG 7.2.4.1)
Operating Software
The contract documents may require the Contractor to furnish backup copies of operating software loaded into systems and equipment. This information is typically submitted on CDs and includes a backup copy of installed software, uninstall programs, and reinstall programs. (CCAPG 12.3.3.1)
Operation Activities
Operation activities include the management of the day-to-day functions of a facility and its systems such as utilities, production equipment, building and property infrastructure, mechanical and electrical, custodial and cleaning, and vertical and horizontal transportation. (PDPG 14.2.4)
Operation and Maintenance Manuals (O&M)
The most common and perhaps the most useful method of collecting O&M data is by assembling the information into a manual for delivery to the Owner and facility manager. These manuals contain valuable information about the O&M of systems and equipment. Requirements for the content of these manuals are specified in Division 01. Specific requirements for O&M data for products, systems, and equipment are specified in PART 1 GENERAL of individual specification sections in Divisions 02–49. The information required is ideally tailored to the needs of the Owner, the facility manager, and their operating staffs. (CSPG 13.3; CCAPG 12.3.3, CPRPG 10.3.1.2)
Oral Communications
Oral Communications such as telephone calls or field resolution of design or construction issues, but oral communications should be followed with written documentation confirming decisions or interpretations. (CCAPG 2.10.1)
Order of Precedence
Questions of precedence often arise among large-scale drawings, small- scale drawings, and specifications. However, the use of statements in the project manual to establish the precedence of the various contract documents is not recommended because the documents are complementary. The general conditions of the contract should indicate only that in a case of conflict between drawings and specifications, the A/E will make a documented interpretation. (PDPG 11.2.9.4 pg. 246)
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (CPRPG 6.3.1.3.2)
Other Bonds
Other Bonds
- Maintenance Bonds These bonds provide the Owner with assurance that, when required by the contract, the Contractor will provide ongoing maintenance services for the required period of time. Prior to receipt of an occupancy permit, the Owner may be required to provide maintenance bonds to the AHJs to ensure future performance related to compliance with mitigation agreements.
- Lien Bonds Lien bonds indemnify the Owner against the cost to remove liens filed against the facility by the Contractor, subcontractors, suppliers, and their employees.
- Retainage Bonds If agreeable to the Owner, the Contractor may choose to submit a bond to the Owner in lieu of having the Owner withhold retainage from payments to the Contractor. The bond provides protection to the Owner similar to the protection that withholding retainage offers.
- License and Permit Bonds Many AHJs require Contractors to post bonds before they are allowed to operate as Contractors. Certain Contractors, such as heavy construction, excavation, and underground utility Contractors, are often required to post bonds to ensure that the disturbance to an existing public roadway will be replaced or repaired in the exact manner prescribed by the AHJ. (CAPG 3.4.3 pg. 55)
Other States Coverage
Other States Coverage Workers’ compensation and employers’ liability insurance afford coverage only for the states listed on the information page. For insureds that may have employees traveling through other states, the endorsement may be used. By adding this endorsement to the policy, coverage is extended to all state laws listed in the endorsement’s schedule. However, coverage cannot be extended in this manner to monopolistic fund states. (Spec PG 17.7)
Outline Specifications
Outline Specifications aid in the design process and are the basis for revising cost estimates, schedules, and value analysis studies. They also serve as a checklist for the project team when selecting products and methods during development of the project manual. They are a means of communication among members of the project team and between the team and the Owner. Outline specifications help control the decision-making process and encourage clarity in the construction documents. The use of well-prepared outline specifications reduces the potential for design changes at later stages and the consequent inefficient use of design team time. Outline specifications can also be useful for the coordination of terminology between drawings and specifications. (PDPG 9.4.2)
Outline Specifications
Outline Specifications based on products and activities may also have been created for a project during design development. These may be more up to date and may also be used as a check list in preparing the project specifications. (CSPG 1.4.2, CPRPG 6.9.1)
Overhead (Contractor’s)
Overhead (Contractor’s) is the cost incurred by the Contractor for maintaining a viable business but not directly attributable to an individual project, including: Licensing required for conducting business in a jurisdiction; salaries, wages, and benefits for office personnel, general management, warehouse personnel, maintenance workers, and other employees engaged in daily operations at the Contractor’s place of business; General office expenses not related to an individual project, including rent, leases, mortgages, utilities, and related services; Leased or rented office equipment and furniture; Office supplies. Overhead is calculated as a percentage against the cost of a project. (PDPG 12.4.1.3)
Owner Team
Owner Team establishes the design requirements, budget, and time constraints for the project. As the ultimate purchaser of installed products, the Owner may have significant input on equipment and finish selections and may require information on product operation, maintenance, and warranties. Some Owners establish material and product standards for their projects. Standardizing products helps limit the replacement materials needed for ongoing maintenance and provides consistency in performance by minimizing the types of maintenance training necessary. Some Owners perform their own maintenance or hire specialty Contractors. (PDPG 2.2, CPRPG 4.1.1)
Owner
Owner may be a private company or a public agency. (PDPG 2.2; PDPG 2.2.1; PDPG 2.2.2)
Owner
Owner can refer to an individual or an entity. The Owner may be from the private sector or may be a government agency in the public sector. The Owner initiates the project and secures funding for the design, construction, and subsequent operation of the completed facility. (PDPG 2.2, CPRPG 4.2)
Owner’s Representative
Owner’s Representative may be used on projects in which the Owner is a large organization typically not involved in project construction as a primary business, such as a school district or hospital. The Owner’s representative makes decisions on behalf of the Owner during the design and construction document stages and makes final decisions during construction. (PDPG 2.2, CPRPG 2.6.1)
Owner-A/E Agreement
The contract between the Owner and the A/E should be reviewed to determine the extent of the A/E’s involvement during the construction process. (CSPG 1.10.1)
Owner-Build Project delivery method
Owner-Build Project delivery method - Owners involved in aspects of contracting for every portion of a construction project. Because the Owner can act similar to a Contractor, the construction contracts are between the Owner and the specialty Contractors (subcontractors). (PDPG 7.6, CPRPG Fig. 2.1f, CPRPG 5.4.5, CPRPG Fig. 5.11)
Owner-Initiated Substitutions
After contract award, the Owner may decide to change a certain product, system, or other element of the project. (PDPG 13. 9.3.2)
Owners and Contractors Protective Liability (OCP)
Owners and Contractors Protective Liability (OCP) Coverage for bodily injury or property damage liability caused by an occurrence and arising from the operations performed for the named insured by the Contractor designated, or acts or omissions of the named insured in connection with the named insured’s general supervision of such an operation. Coverage can be obtained by separate policy. The CGL policy provides the insured with automatic coverage for liability arising from independent Contractors. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
Owner’s Protective Liability
Additional coverage, called Owner’s protective insurance, may be appropriate to cover the same hazards as those covered by the Contractor’s general liability insurance. This is not duplicate coverage, as a legal liability exists for the Owner’s role in the construction process. (PDPG 11.3.20.2 Spec PG 17.3.4)
PageFormat
A standard page format provides an orderly and uniform arrangement of text for each page of a specification section. (PDPG 11.3.7.5, CSPG 4.2.5; PageFormat, Page 4, CPRPG 3.4)
Paragraph
One or more statements addressing a particular subject. (PDPG 11.3.7.5 PageFormat, Page 4)
Parking Consultant Design Team
Parking Consultant Design Team - (PDPG 2.3.17)
- Is responsible for the technical design and layout of parking areas and parking garages
- May prepare construction drawings and specifications
- May participate in construction administration
PART 1 – General
PART 1 – General describes administrative, procedural, and temporary requirements unique to the section. PART 1 is an extension of subjects covered in Division 01 and amplifies information unique to the section. (PDPG 11.3.7.4; CSPG 4.2.4.2; CSPG 12.12.1; SectionFormat, Page 4)
PART 2 PRODUCTS
PART 2 PRODUCTS describes materials, products, equipment, fabrications, mixes, systems, and assemblies that are required for incorporation into the project. Materials and products are included with the quality required. (PDPG 11.3.7.4 Spec PG 4.2.4.2)
PART 2 PRODUCTS
PART 2 PRODUCTS describes the systems, assemblies, equipment, products, materials, fabrications, and mixes that are to be incorporated into the project. (PDPG 11.3.7.4 Spec PG 4.2.4.2 SectionFormat, Page 4)
PART 3 EXECUTION
PART 3 EXECUTION describes installation or application, including preparatory actions and post-installation cleaning and protection. Site-built assemblies and site-manufactured products and system are included. (PDPG 11.3.7.4 Spec PG 4.2.4.2; SectionFormat, Page 4)
PART
One of the three groups of related information that make up a section (“GENERAL,” “PRODUCTS,” and “EXECUTION”). (PDPG 11.3.7.4 Spec PG 4.2.4.2 SectionFormat, Page 4)
Partial Submittals
Partial Submittals are sometimes necessary to expedite the project. For example, on a fast track project, the concrete reinforcement shop drawings might be submitted on a floor-by-floor basis. Systems may sometimes be broken down into components and separate submittals prepared for each of several items, such as an exterior pole and standard, luminaire, and base. Partial submittals should be identified as such. For the concrete reinforcement submittal, for example, if only floors 1 and 2 of a 10-story building are being transmitted, the drawings should be clearly marked “Partial Submission – Floors 1 and 2 Only.” (PDPG 13.12.2 CCAPG 5.6.2)
Parties to the Contract
The agreement is the written document signed by each party and is the legal instrument binding the parties to the contract. The agreement defines the relationships and obligations existing between the parties. (PDPG 5.3 Spec PG 5.4)
Partnering
Partnering is a concept of “team work” or “team building.” This concept may be required by the Owner or construction/project manager to help ensure cooperative efforts and proactive solutions. This concept is usually implemented by having a managerial consultant bring the participants together for an interactive session. Team members (participants) set priorities and goals to achieve This concept may also involve a pledge by those involved to make every attempt to resolve issues without conflict. Partnering as a concept attempts to make all team members partners in the process of executing the work and completing the facility. (PDPG 2.7, CPRPG 5.5.6)
Partnering
One such collaborative effort is known as partnering. The AGC states in Partnering—A Concept for Success that it strongly believes that all participants in the construction process need to work as partners. One of the primary benefits of this partnering process is that it increases the perception of all parties to the contract that they have the same common goals. (CAPG 1.2.4 pg. 6)
Party
Party refers to a signer of a contract, such as the Owner and Contractor in an Owner-Contractor agreement. When the intent is to include persons or companies, such as subcontractors and others who are involved in the construction process but are not signers of the contract, the generic entity should be used. (PDPG 5.3)
Payment (Basis of) Stipulated or lump sum, Unit price, Cost plus Fee
The contract sum may be established by a combination of base bid items, including unit prices, allowances, and alternates.
The payment administration process depends on the basis of payment identified in the contract documents for the various contract items. There are generally three bases of payment, and each places different demands on the project team. The three bases of payment are as follows: (CAPG 11.3 pg. 215)
- Stipulated Sum Common for building projects and for some heavy civil projects. On stipulated-sum or lump-sum contracts, a single price becomes the amount agreed upon for completion of the entire contract.
- Unit Price Common to civil engineering projects where final quantities can be measured only upon completion but cannot be determined at time of pricing. Under unit price contracts, the actual quantity of work is measured and verified as it is completed and payments are made at the agreed-upon unit price rates.
- Cost-Plus Fee Utilized where both the quantity and the cost per unit of work are uncertain or when the contract sum is a cost of the work plus fee not to exceed a guaranteed maximum price contract. Cost-plus fee payment, also referred to as the time and material basis of compensation, may also be applied to work required by change when the parties to the contract cannot agree on a price before performing the work.
Payment Bond
Payment Bond sometimes referred to as the labor and materials payment bond, guarantees that subcontractors, material suppliers, and others providing labor, material, and equipment to the project will be paid. (PDPG 11.3.19.6 Spec PG 16.9)
Payment Intervals
Payment Intervals between payments is normally identified in the contract documents. The payment interval specified should reflect the nature of the work of the project. Common payment intervals are as follows: (PDPG 13.12.2; CAPG 11.2 pg. 214)
- Periodic Progress Payments AIA and EJCDC documents refer to progress payments. The calendar month is the most common payment interval.
- Provisional Payments Provisional payments are predetermined partial amounts of the total contract sum tied to the attainment of identifiable milestones.
- Single Payment When projects are of a size that enables the work to be completed in a short period, the contract sum is small, or the vast majority of the contract sum is earned in the latter stages of the project, a single payment of the entire contract amount may be appropriate.
Payment Procedures
Payment Procedures establishes requirements for preparing and processing applications for payment. It establishes time periods for submitting applications and receiving payment. This article might also establish an interest rate for monies not paid when due. (Spec PG 5.4)
Payment Procedures
Payment Procedures identifies when the Contractor will submit applications for payment and when payment by the Owner to the Contractor will be made. (CCAPG 3.3.1.2)
Payment
The disbursement of money proportionate to that quantity of work. (CCAPG 11)
Penal Amount
Bonds are written with a limit on the amount of the guarantee. This limiting amount, frequently 100 percent of the contract amount, is called the penal sum or penal amount of the bond. (Spec PG 16.2)
Penalties, Bonuses, Incentives
In addition to the basic elements of agreements, provisions are sometimes added to contracts to ensure completion in a timely manner. These provisions are important to emphasize that “time is of the essence” and to avoid compounding financial damage by the Owner. (CPRPG 5.3.4.4)
Penalty/Bonus Clause
Penalty/Bonus Clause is a clause providing a penalty of a daily amount for not completing the work in the allotted time or by the agreed-upon date can be included in the contract. However, if there is a penalty clause in the contract, it should be accompanied by language that pays the Contractor a bonus/incentive amount for early completion. Usually the per-day amount for penalty and bonus/incentive are the same amount. (See Liquidated Damages) (PDPG 7.1.6.4)
Performance and Payment Bonds
Performance and Payment Bonds provides the most important protection for the Owner by guaranteeing that if the Contractor defaults, the surety will either complete the contract in accordance with its terms or provide sufficient funds, up to the penal amount of the bond, to fund such completion. (PDPG 11.3.19.5 pg. 308)
The payment bond, sometimes referred to as the labor and materials payment bond, guarantees subcontractors, material suppliers, and others providing labor, material, and equipment to the project will be paid. (PDPG 11.3.19.6, CSPG 16.8 )
Performance Criteria
The performance attributes of products should be evaluated first to determine the suitability of any particular product for installation on any specific project.
Attributes are the means by which performance characteristics are identified. An attribute can be defined as a characteristic of performance. (CPRPG 6.4.3)
Performance Specification
Performance Specification is a description of the required end result of a product or system and includes the criteria to be used for verification of proper installation. It is generally written to encourage the use of innovative construction techniques. (PDPG 11.3.6.2; PDPG 11.3.15, CSPG 3.1)
Performance Specifying
Performance Specifying can be extended from a single attribute to an entire project with numerous variations in between. Performance specifying is a method of indicating characteristics and requirements with measurable properties. By specifying the end result, performance specifying provides flexibility in optional solutions that all meet the same requirements. Various codes and standards are moving toward more performance criteria. (PDPG 11.3.6.2; PDPG 11.3.15, CSPG 12.1, CPRPG 7.2)
Performance Specifying
Performance Specifying specifies the required results, the criteria by which the performance will be judged, and the method by which it can be verified. The Contractor is free to choose materials and methods complying with the performance criteria. (PDPG 11.3.6.2; PDPG 11.3.15, CSPG 3.1)
Performance Specifying
Performance Specifying is a method of indicating characteristics and requirements with measurable properties. By specifying the end result, performance specifying provides flexibility in optional solutions that all meet the same requirements. (PDPG 11.3.6.2; PDPG 11.3.15, CSPG 12.1)
Peril
The cause of a loss insured against in the policy; (e.g., fire, windstorm, explosion, etc.) (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
Periodic Progress Payments
The calendar month is the most common payment interval. Monthly progress payments are appropriate for most projects, including those of long duration and high cost, where the rate of progress will vary from month to month. Twice-monthly or even weekly progress payments may be appropriate for small projects performed by small Contractors or large fast-track projects where large amounts of money are expended over brief periods on a regular basis. (PDPG 13.12.2 CCAPG 11.2)
Permit Documents
Permit Documents required by the regulatory authorities to evaluate the project and issue permits. (CPRPG 5.3.3.3)
Personal Networking
Investigating future projects through construction service publications is good planning, but should not be a replacement for personal networking. Through personal networking, product representatives may discover information on projects not yet known to the public. (CPRPG 2.10)
Perspective
Perspective is a type of drawing that illustrates objects as they appear to the eye, with reference to relative distance and depth. (PDPG 11.2.4.3)
Phases (Of Design)
In the terminology of AIA and DBIA, the design stage consists of two phases: schematic design and design development. In EJCDC terminology, the design process consists of preliminary design and final design. (PDPG 3.2.1; PDPG 3.2.3)
Plan-viewing Services
Plan-viewing Services Plan rooms such as Builder’s Exchanges, McGraw-Hill Dodge Plan Rooms, Reed Construction Data offices, and other associations provide access to many projects out for bid both electronically and hard copy. (CPRPG 2.10)
Planning / Pre-Design
The decision-making process during this stage provides the foundation for successful progression through subsequent project stages. The process involves a series of repeated activities including identification, analysis, and refinement. Project conception is often a creative stage for the Owner; it requires a clear understanding of project values and goals which become the basis of many decisions. A facility program documents these decisions, resulting in a framework for future design decisions, operational procedures, and determining project feasibility. (PDPG 6.2)
Plumbing Engineer Design Team
Plumbing Engineer Design Team – (PDPG 2.3.6)
- Is Responsible for the technical and engineering design of the supply and distribution of domestic water, removal of sewerage, directing rainwater off the roof, and medical gas systems for hospitals, including the necessary equipment’
- Provides construction drawings and specifications
- Participates in construction administration
Policy Term
The period for which the mode premium has been paid. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
Policy
The insurance policy is a contract or agreement between the insurer and the insured. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
Post Occupancy Evaluation
Post Occupancy Evaluation Facility managers should perform a post occupancy evaluation three to six months after initial occupancy. The post occupancy evaluation becomes the baseline for the ongoing facility evaluation program. (CAPG 12.5.1 pg. 257)
Pre-Bid Meeting
Pre-Bid Meeting, normally convened at the site, allows the Owner, A/E, and consultants to orient the prospective Contractors to conditions affecting the project. The Owner may make attendance a mandatory condition of bidding. (PDPG 12.7.1.6, CPRPG 8.4.1.6)
Preconstruction Meetings
Preconstruction Meetings are important for introducing the project team, establishing the ground rules for communication, and explaining the administrative process. In many cases, a single meeting is all that is required; however, large, complex, or multi-prime Contractor projects may require more than one meeting. A procedural meeting may cover administrative procedures, such as communication, submittals, testing, and inspection. A second mobilization meeting may address use of the site. (PDPG 13.5.2.1 CCAPG 4.2.1)
Preconstruction Submittals
Generally, no work should begin until all required pre-construction submittals have been submitted by the Contractor and reviewed by the A/E and Owner. When the Contractor receives the notice to proceed, preparation and delivery of the pre-construction submittals should begin as soon as possible. These submittals may include: Certificates of insurance and workers compensation coverage; Payment and performance bonds; Proposed subcontractor and product lists; Preliminary construction progress schedule; Submittal schedule with dates coordinated with construction progress schedule; Proposed use of the site and site logistics, including project identification signage; Erosion control plan; Pollution control plan; Traffic control plan; Sustainable project action plan. (PDPG 13.4.4 CCAPG 5.2, CPRPG 9.7.4)
Precontract Revisions
Precontract Revisions include revisions made prior to signing the agreement. Addenda are written or graphic information issued to clarify, revise, add to, or delete information in the original procurement documents or in previous addenda. Typically, an addendum is issued prior to the receipt of bids or proposals. Other revisions may include bid or proposal revisions when permitted. Addenda items affecting the contract documents are contract document revisions and should be enforced during the administration of the contract. (CCAPG 1.3.4)
Preinstallation Meetings
Preinstallation Meetings help to clarify installation procedures, phasing, and coordination of the participants and processes involved in the installation of a specific product or system. These meetings are usually specified to focus on specific concerns and do not relieve the Contractor of the responsibility to coordinate the work. (PDPG 13.5.2.4 CCAPG 4.2.4, CPRPG 9.8.2.4)
Preliminary Coordination
Preliminary Coordination Construction Documents are general reviewed at set milestones. Drafts of interim specification sections and copies of interim drawings should be collected and reviewed for coordination of information. Consultants should review the drawings and specifications of other disciplines and forward corrections and comments to the A/E for communication to other project team members. (CSPG 8.1.4.1)
Preliminary Project Description (PPD)
Preparing the preliminary project description requires the design team to think the project through and document decisions and design criteria in broad terms. Changes can be made during development of the document and throughout subsequent refinement and value analysis stages, without disrupting the ongoing design process. The document should include information suitable for preliminary cost estimates, time schedules, and initial value analysis studies. The emphasis of the preliminary project description is on describing the physical requirements of the project, but it should not be considered as the first step in preparing the project specifications. Identification of actual materials to be used is often tentative and may change during later stages of design. (PDPG 9.3.2, CPRPG 6.8.1)
Preliminary Project Description (PPD)
These descriptions based on systems and assemblies may have been created for a project during schematic design and can be used as a checklist in preparing the project specifications. (CSPG 1.4.2)
PPD Format
A PPD organizes and defines major project elements, systems, and subsystems in their basic construction sequence rather than the individual products that comprise them.
UniFormat™ provides an efficient organizational and numbering system for creating PPDs, especially for large projects with multiple elements. (CPRPG 6.8.1.4)
Preliminary Review
After the first draft of the specification has been prepared, a preliminary review and coordination of all the construction documents should be reviewed by members of the project team who are familiar with design and detailing to identify errors, oversights, and new or changed decisions. (CSPG 1.12)
Preliminary Review
Preliminary Review of the project manual should also include coordination with the drawings. Consistent terminology, elimination of duplicate information, inclusion of all products, and other concerns should be checked. (CSPG 1.12)
Preliminary Studies
These due diligence studies are investigations carried out by the Owner, independently or in consultation with a development consultant and other experts, to identify the conditions and influences that will shape the project concept and clarify the Owner’s values and goals (PDPG 6.3)
Prepayment
Manufacturers often require prepayment on orders for custom products to ensure that payment is made even if the product is not used. (CPRPG 6.4)
Preventative Maintenance
A planned and controlled program of periodic inspection, adjustment, lubrication, and replacement of components, as well as performance testing and analysis. (PDPG 14.2.4.2)
Price
Price is presented in one of two ways: 1) a bid that will be compared with other bids submitted by other prospective Contractors in a competitive process; 2) an offer in the form of a proposal in a negotiation process (PDPG 12.1)
Pricing
Construction pricing is a complex evaluation process to determine construction cost and profit. Pricing involves a comprehensive cost analysis of the project requirements, based on the information contained in the procurement documents and other information obtained during the period preceding bidding or formal negotiation. (PDPG 12.4, CPRPG 8.2)
Pricing Documents
The documents used to obtain pricing from prospective Contractors are referred to as the procurement documents. In a negotiation process the documents are referred to as pricing documents. (PDPG 12.1)
Prime A/E
Prime A/E should assume responsibility for overall coordination of the specifications, to make sure the specifications from all parties are complete, compatible, consistent, and without duplication or overlap. (CSPG 1.5.8)
Prime Tenant
Prime Tenant is an individual or organization that will occupy a major lease space within a building owned by another entity. (CPRPG 2.6.1)
Principal
The A/E principal, who has Ownership in the firm, is involved throughout the life of the project and continues as the primary communicator with the project Owner as decisions are made. (CPRPG 2.6.2)
Principal or Vice President (Architect) Design Team
Principal or Vice President (Architect) Design Team - The principal, who is the Owner/one of the Owners/officer of the company, is involved throughout the life of the project and continues as the primary communicator with the project Owner as decisions are made. As the major design executive for the project, the A/E principal usually signs agreements that bind the A/E to the contract requirements. (PDPG 2.3.1.1)
Principal-in-Charge (Architect) Design Team
Principal-in-Charge (Architect) Design Team - (PDPG 2.3.1.1)
- Is Typically an Owner, principal, or officer of the firm that bears ultimate responsibility for the project and is final decision- maker for the firm
- Is authorized to sign and commit the firm to binding contracts
- May or may not seal the documents
- Provides global “high -altitude” management and is not involved with day-to-day activities
- Represents the firm to others
- Usually is not involved in the details of design, documents, or construction
- Usually does not meet with product manufacturer representatives or suppliers
Principal-in-Charge Contractor Team
Principal-in-Charge Contractor Team – (PDPG 2.4.1.1)
- Typically an Owner, principal, or officer of the firm that bears ultimate responsibility for the project and is final decision-maker for the firm
- Is authorized to sign and commit the firm to binding contracts
- Provides global “high -altitude” management and is not involved with day-to-day activities
- Represents the firm to others
- Usually is not involved in the details of construction
Procedural Meeting
Procedural Meeting (often referred to as the preconstruction meeting) is held before the start of construction. (PDPG 13.5.2.1 CCAPG 4.2.1.1)
Procurement and Contracting Requirements Group
Procurement and Contracting Requirements Group is the location within MasterFormat for introductory information and procurement information as well as the location for information defining the relationships, responsibilities, and processes for construction. (PDPG 11.3.7.3)
Procurement and Contracting Requirements, Division 00
Procurement and Contracting Requirements, Division 00 instruct the bidders or proposers about the established procedures for preparing and submitting their bids or proposals. Procurement requirements are addressed to prospective bidders or proposers interested in the project. Although not necessarily part of a contract, the procurement requirements are usually bound with other written construction documents into a project manual. Contracting requirements, though not specifications, are legal documents that describe contractual requirements. Contracting requirements define the processes, rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the parties to the contract. (PDPG 11.4 CSPG 1.14)
Procurement Documents
In some instances, the Owner will furnish instructions for procurement, procurement forms, and bid security forms. (CSPG 1.10.11)
Procurement Documents
Procurement Documents are used to obtain pricing from prospective Contractors are referred to as the procurement documents. In a competitive bidding process the documents are referred to as bidding documents. (PDPG 12.7.1.4, CPRPG 8.4.1.4)
Procurement Documents
Procurement Documents consist of the procurement and contracting requirements and the proposed contract documents. They are used to solicit pricing, that is, bids or proposals from prospective Contractors. (PDPG 12.7.1.4, CPRPG 8.1)
Procurement Requirements
Procurement Requirements instruct the bidders or proposers about the established procedures for preparing and submitting their bids or proposals. Procurement requirements are addressed to prospective bidders or proposers interested in the project. Although not necessarily part of a contract, the procurement requirements are usually bound with other written construction documents into a project manual. Typically, procurement requirements include the following documents: Solicitation, instructions for procurement, available information, procurement forms and supplements, and addenda. (PDPG 11.4; CSPG 1.14)
Products
Products that are must be coordinated among team members to determine whether the product is appropriate for the project. (CSPG 1.4.2)
Product Binder
Product Binder (CPRPG 2.12.2, Fig. 2.2)
Product Descriptions
Product Descriptions are detailed technical data giving composition, materials, properties, and characteristics of the product. (CPRPG 2.12.2)
Product Data
Product Data includes illustrations, standard schedules, diagrams, performance charts, instructions, and brochures that illustrate physical appearance, size, and other characteristics of materials and equipment for some portion of the work. (PDPG 13.6.3.1; CCAPG 5.3.1.1)
Product Evaluation
To move the project from schematic design-to-design development, the design team, led by the A/E, must select products that will fulfill the project criteria. By identifying and selecting individual products, the A/E can develop drawings, specifications, and construction cost information to bring the design stage to completion. (CPRPG 6.4)
Product Knowledge Presentation Checklist
Product Knowledge Presentation Checklist (CPRPG 2.16.2, Fig 2.5)
Product Library
Many, but not all, A/Es, Contractors, and other decision makers have manufacturers’ product binders and information in their office technical libraries. (CPRPG 2.12)
Product Lists
Standard AIA general conditions require the Contractor to submit lists of proposed subcontractors. Some Owners may require these to be submitted with the Contractor’s bid or proposal. In order for the Owner and A/E to verify acceptability, the lists are required before work begins. These lists are prepared by the Contractor, submitted to the A/E for review, and forwarded by the A/E to the Owner for final approval. Product lists are a means for the A/E to verify that the Contractor uses only specified products or approved substitutions. They are also valuable to the Contractor in verifying that suppliers and subcontractors use products that comply with the specified requirements. (CCAPG 3.4.4 (fig. 3.6))
Product Notebook
In the process of preparing specifications, the A/E should refer to the product notebook for information and catalog cuts collected during the design stage. This notebook will serve as a compilation of products selected for the project, so there will be less need to query the project A/E about decisions already made. (CSPG 1.4.2)
Product Representative
Advises design professionals, Owners, Contractors, and subcontractors on products and systems to be incorporated into the project (PDPG 10.6 Spec PG 1.4.1, CPRPG 2.1, CPRPG 4.2)
Product Representative
Product Representative are individuals and companies involved in the promotion and sale of construction products and systems are product representatives. (PDPG 13.3.9 Spec PG 1.4.1 CCAPG 2.9)
Product Representative
Product Representative is used to designate the individual who promotes the use of a product or group of products in projects where their use is consistent with the design capabilities of the products. (CPRPG 1.5)
Product Selection Decisions
All product selection decisions should be recorded, and the A/E must direct or be made aware of product selection decisions. This requires systematic and progressive compiling of information, beginning with early design phases. (CSPG 1.4.2)
Product Shows
Local, regional, and national product shows offer exceptional opportunities for product representatives to display or demonstrate their manufacturers’ products to many project team participants in a single effort. The potential buyer or decision maker may or may not have a need for the product at that time, but this effort may generate many leads. (CPRPG 2.10)
Product Shows
Product Shows provides the opportunity for product representatives to present a product to many people. The audience is not captive as in a seminar, and the attendee’s time is limited. The opportunity for a lengthy product presentation is unlikely. CPRPG 2.17.3)
Product Uses
An explanation of uses and applications of product. A statement of product capabilities, compatibilities, performance data, limitations, product comparison sheets, and inappropriate applications should also be given. (CPRPG 2.12.2)
Professional Organizations
Professional organizations such as CSI or those related to a specific industry are good places for product representatives to begin personal networking to gather new leads on potential projects. (CPRPG 2.10)
Profit
Profit is the financial benefit that the Contractor will realize after all costs and claims for the project are paid. It is often calculated as a percentage of the total costs. (PDPG 12.4.1.4, CPRPG 8.2.4)
Programmer (Architect)
A special consultant who assists the Owner in identifying and documenting the project requirements in a facility program. (PDPG 2.3.1.3)
Programmer Design Team
Programmer Design Team - (Services may be provided by a programming consultant outside the firm) (PDPG 2.3.1.3)
- Is generally reserved for large complex projects such as hospitals
- Meets with the Owner and user groups to interprets the design requirements and develops a program that will be used to arrange the spatial relationships between functions and areas of the project
- Usually is not involved with the construction documents or construction administration
- Does not meet with product representatives or suppliers
Progress Meetings
Progress meetings concern the progress of the work. They provide a forum in which matters pertinent to the timely completion of the work can be discussed. The frequency and length of progress meetings depend on the extent of the project and the project delivery method. (PDPG 13.5.2.2, CCAPG 4.2.2, CPRPG 9.8.2.2 )
Progress Payments
See Periodic Progress Payments
Progress Schedule
The Contractor is responsible for preparing a construction progress schedule that shows the estimated start and completion dates of the major activities of the construction process. The schedule may take any of several forms. The two most frequently used construction schedule formats are the Gantt or bar chart and network analysis diagram, more commonly referred to as the critical path method (CPM) chart. (CCAPG 3.4.8 (fig. 3.8))
Project
Project is the process of planning, design, documentation, contracting, construction, and management of a facility. The completed project is a facility, which is a constructed entity or space designed to perform a certain function. (PDPG 1.5)
Project Architect (Architect) Design Team
Project Architect (Architect) Design Team – (PDPG 2.3.1.6)
- Provides some “low -altitude” management of the architect’s staff
- Directs, manages, and coordinates the day-to-day activities of the production of the construction documents
- Coordinates the construction documents with the engineers and consultants
- Meets with product representatives or suppliers
- Generally determines the assembly of materials and products
- Has some amount of decision-making power, which is usually limited to the documents
Project Budget
Project Budget should include projections of all of the costs associated with the entire project. A project budget may consider initial construction cost only or may include projected costs of operation. Including the operations and maintenance costs in a project budget will provide a better understanding of the total life cycle costs. (PDPG 6.7.2)
Project Closeout
Project Closeout Construction contract administration culminates in project closeout and includes activities involved with the orderly transfer of the completed project from the Contractor to the Owner. The closeout process begins with starting and adjusting systems, and ends with the Contractor accepting final payment from the Owner. (PDPG 13.13 CCAPG 12.1)
Project Closeout Documents
The contract documents used for construction might require the Contractor to provide several types of documents and materials to assist the facility manager in facility O&M. These documents are called record documents and include O&M data, materials and finishes data, record submittals and shop drawings, record drawings, and record specifications. The Contractor might also furnish spare parts, extra materials, and specialized operating tools to the Owner or facility manager as required by the construction contract. To ensure that the Contractor submits this information during project closeout, it is essential that the requirements for these project closeout documents and materials be included in the contract documents for construction. (PDPG 14.1.2)
Project Conception Stage (Life Cycle)
Project Conception Stage (Life Cycle) consists of activities that transform the needs or aspirations of the Owner into a clear concept upon which the project can be designed and built. (PDPG 3.4.1)
Project Conception Stage (Life Cycle)
Project conception is the stage in the facility life cycle in which an Owner’s needs and requirements are identified, preliminary studies are performed, a site is selected, and a preliminary budget and schedule are established. (PDPG 3.4.1)
Project Cost
Project Cost includes: Cost of preliminary studies; Site cost; Project design cost; Cost for obtaining permits and approvals for the project; Cost of construction; Cost of furniture, furnishings, and equipment; Relocation cost (PDPG 6.7)
Project Delivery (Life Cycle)
At some point in the process the Owner needs to determine the project delivery method to be used: design-bid-build, design-negotiate-build, design-build, construction management, or Owner-build. (PDPG Chapter 7)
Project Delivery Methods
Project Delivery Methods include design-bid-build, design-negotiate-build, construction management, design-build, and Owner-build. Each delivery method can have variations in types of contract payments (such as lump sum, unit price, and cost-plus,) scheduling (such as fast track), and number of contracts (such as single or multiple-prime contracts). (PDPG Chapter 7 CSPG 1.14)
Project Delivery
Project Delivery is the contractual relationships between the Owner, architect/engineer, Contractor(s), and the management services utilized to design and construct a project. Project delivery moves a project from a concept to a completed facility. Project delivery methods include design-bid-build, design-negotiate-build, construction management, design-build, and Owner- build. Each delivery method can have variations in types of contract payments (such as lump sum, unit price, and cost-plus,) scheduling (such as fast track), and number of contracts (such as single or multiple-prime contracts). Competitive market forces compel most Owners to select a project delivery method that will achieve a balance between the elements of project extent, cost, and time. (PDPG Chapter 7)
Project A/E
Project A/E is involved in the selection of consultants, such as the landscape architect, interior designer, and civil, structural, mechanical, and electrical engineers. (CPRPG 2.6.2)
Project Designer (A/E) Design Team
Project Designer (A/E) Design Team – (PDPG 2.3.1.4)
- Creates the aesthetic design for the project which may be limited to the exterior if an interior designer is part of the design team
- Meets with product representatives or suppliers
- Selects materials and products and, subject to Owner approval, has decision-making power for the exterior design. Usually is not involved with the construction documents or construction administration
Project Designer (Architect) Design Team
Project Designer (Architect) Design Team - The designer works with the project A/E and the Owner to interpret program requirements; assess spatial needs; design layouts, site work, and circulation; and address planning issues. During design the A/E usually requires input on product systems and specialty items that would be critical in meeting the Owner’s needs. (PDPG 2.3.1.4)
Project Float
Project Float is the amount of extra time available to an activity when all activities begin as early as possible. Free float is uniquely available to an activity, while total float is the accumulation of the entire free float in a project. (CPRPG 9.7.4.8.11)
Project Life Cycle
Project Life Cycle is the process of obtaining services and completion of work to provide or maintain a facility or portion of it for its useful purpose. (PDPG 14.2.7)
Project Manager
In some A/E firms, a project manager takes care of the business of architecture/engineering. This individual usually has substantial client contact and manages the design budget, schedule, and staffing requirements. (CPRPG 2.6.2)
Project Manager (Architect) Design Team
Project Manager (Architect) Design Team – (PDPG 2.3.1.2)
- May or may not be an Owner or principal of the firm, but is usually an officer
- May or may not be authorized to sign and commit the firm to binding contracts
- May or may not seal the documents
- Provides general “middle -altitude” management of the architect’s staff, engineers, and consultants, and is involved with day-to-day activities
- Guides the project through the design portion of the project delivery method
- Has controlling responsibility for the various phases and activities of the design process
- May or may not meet with product manufacturer representatives or suppliers
Project Manager Contractor Team
Project Manager Contractor Team – (PDPG 2.4.1.2)
- May or may not be an Owner or principal of the firm, but is usually an officer
- May or may not be authorized to sign and commit the firm to binding contracts
- Provides general “middle -altitude” management of the Contractor’s staff, suppliers, and subcontractors, and is involved with day-to-day activities
- Guides the project through the construction portion of the project delivery method
Project Manual Development
Project Manual Development (CSPG Figure 1.4)
Project Manual
The documents commonly referred to as the specifications normally contain much more than that name implies. The procurement requirements, contracting forms, and conditions of the contract are usually included, but they are not specifications. This information is, in fact, a collection of certain written construction documents and project requirements whose contents and functions are best implied by the title Project Manual. (CSPG 1.1)
Project Manual Variations
There are some significant differences in project manual preparation between a design-negotiate-build and a traditional design-bid-build delivery method. The A/E will not necessarily be the sole decision maker on all the items that would normally be the A/E’s responsibility. Decisions are often shared by other project team members. (CSPG 1.14.1)
Project Manual
The written construction documents prepared for procuring a construction contract and for constructing a project. The Project Manual contains procurement requirements, contract forms, conditions of the contract, and specifications. (SectionFormat Page 4, PageFormat Page 4)
Project Owner
Project Owner actually pays for the project’s design, construction, and maintenance. An Owner may be an individual or a group, such as a developer, corporation, utility, municipality, transportation department, or university. (CPRPG 2.6.1)
Project Program
Sets the requirements for form and function, creating project requirements that will influence product selection decisions. (CPRPG 6.4.7.2)
Project Record Documents
Project Record Documents include the construction submittals, record drawings, record specifications, addenda, contract modifications, photographs, start-up logs, test reports, certifications, and other documents, which are assembled by the Contractor. They are used by the Owner and facility manager as a resource in facility operations and maintenance. (CAPG 12.3.2 pg. 236)
Project Record Documents
Project Record Documents are construction documents that are subsequently modified to show actual construction. In addition to the modified contract documents, record documents include reviewed shop drawings, product data, samples, field test reports, inspection certificates, manufacturer’s certificates, inspection reports from AHJs, documentation of special foundation depths, special measurements or adjustments, surveys, design mixes, and project photographs and videos. (PDPG 14.2.5.1, CPRPG 10.3.1.1)
Project Representation
Usually an additional service that provides the Owner with more extensive or full-time on-site representation during construction. The Owner may retain the A/E to provide this service. (CCAPG 3.3.1.1)
Project Requirements
Before beginning to write a section of specifications, the specifier must have the necessary information pertaining to that product, equipment, system, or assembly. Two kinds of information are needed. The first is information regarding the specific Project Requirements that may be obtained from the following: (CSPG 1.4.1)
- Owner’s specific requirements such as mandatory products, standard forms, and standard details.
- The A/E design team’s drawings.
- A specifications notebook or checklist with recorded product selections by the designer.
- A preliminary project description or outline specification prepared earlier.
- Application laws and building codes.
Project Schedule
Several different levels of construction progress schedules are used in projects. One or more of these schedule levels may be used in a single project. The more complex the project, the more likely that a combination of schedule levels will be used. (PDPG 6.8 CCAPG 3.4.8 (fig. 3.8))
Project Schedule
A well-prepared project schedule can make the difference between a project that progresses smoothly and one that is characterized by delays and other problems. It serves as a road map, plotting out a logical succession of steps, from which a series of smaller, more specific tasks emanate. It also serves as a script showing the interactions of key project participants. (PDPG 6.8)
Project Stages (Facility Life Cycle)
Project Stages (Facility Life Cycle) of a facility, from concept through construction, to use and eventual deconstruction (demolition), follows a number of stages: Project conception; Project Delivery; Design; Construction Documents; Bidding/Negotiating/Purchasing; Construction; Facility Management. (PDPG Chapter 3)
Project Team
Project Team can offer personal experience of the members, coordinating the writing efforts of several people working on the same project. (CSPG 1.4.1)
Project Time Limit
Project Time Limit provisions are normally established by the date of commencement stated in the agreement. The date of commencement may be established by a notice to proceed. The agreement for a design-build (D-B) project or a negotiated contract that has the Contractor performing value analysis and constructability reviews during the design stage may not establish the construction start time or duration. In this case, the notice to proceed issued by the Owner to the Contractor establishes the construction start date and the construction duration. (CCAPG 3.2 (fig 3.1 & 3.2))
Proofreading
Proofreading of the final Project Manual should be performed by someone who is familiar with construction terminology and it competent to identify incorrectly selected editing options or statements out of context. (CSPG 1.13.1)
Promotional Brochures
Information containing color photographs and renderings of installations and brief product descriptions. (CPRPG 2.12.2)
Property Damage
As defined in the general liability policy, property damage means (1) physical injury to or destruction of tangible property that occurs during the policy period, including the loss of use thereof at any time there from, or (2) loss of use of tangible property that has not been physically injured or destroyed, provided such loss of use is caused by an occurrence during the policy period. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
Property Insurance
Property Insurance indemnifies the person with an interest in the physical property for its loss or the loss of its income-producing ability. This is first-party insurance, which provides coverage for the insured’s property damaged or destroyed by an insured peril, as contrasted with liability insurance, which covers the insured’s legal liability to others. Examples of property insurance include builder’s risk and fire insurance. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
Property Insurance
Property Insurance compensates the insureds for damages to covered property caused by insured perils. Builder’s risk insurance is the cornerstone of the project’s property insurance. (PDPG 11.3.20.1)
Proposal
Proposal is an offer from one entity to another, of terms and conditions with reference to some work, which if accepted can form a contract. A proposal implies an opportunity for more consideration by the recipient and is sometimes utilized when project cost or other conditions will be determined by negotiation. A proposal is usually in response to a request for proposal. (PDPG 11.4.2)
Proposal Request
Proposal Request is a written document, usually prepared by the A/E that describes a proposed change to the project. The Contractor then responds to the Owner with a change order request itemizing changes to the contract sum, the contract time, or both. The change order request should not be confused with a proposal request. (CAPG 8.2.1.2 pg. 151)
Proposal Requests
Proposal Requests is a written document, usually prepared by the A/E, that describes a proposed change to the project. The proposal request is sent to the Contractor for evaluation of how the proposed change will affect the contract sum and time. (PDPG 11.4.6.2 CCAPG 8.2.1.2 (fig. 8.4))
Proprietary Products
Proprietary products and systems are often unique, high-performance materials without comparable competitive products. (PDPG 11.3.6.4, CPRPG 6.4)
Proprietary Specification
Proprietary Specification describes products and materials by manufacturer’s name, brand name, model number, or unique characteristic. Closed proprietary specifications do not allow for substitutions, but open proprietary specifications allow for alternative products. (CSPG 3.1)
Proprietary Specifications
Proprietary Specifications identify the desired products by manufacturer’s name, brand name, model number, type designation, or other unique characteristics. (PDPG 11.3.6.4; CSPG 3.1.4)
Proprietary Specifying
Proprietary Specifying specifies actual brand names, model numbers, and other proprietary information. A proprietary specification describes products and materials by manufacturer’s name, brand name, model number, or unique characteristic. Closed proprietary specifications do not allow for substitutions, but open proprietary specifications allow for alternative products. (PDPG 11.3.6.4 Spec PG 3.1.4, CPRPG 7.2)
Prototype Design
A prototype design is a single design developed for multiple projects on different sites. (CPRPG 6.2.4.2)
Provisional Payments
Provisional Payments are predetermined partial amounts of the total contract sum tied to the attainment of identifiable milestones. The milestones may be percentages of the total quantities in the project, or they may be certain portions of the entire project that have been assigned a predetermined value. (CCAPG 11.2)
Punch List
A comprehensive list of incomplete or non-conforming work to be completed or corrected. (PDPG 14.1.2.3 CCAPG 6.3.3)
Punch List or (Contractor Punch List)
The Contractor is required by the AIA general conditions to prepare a list of incomplete or nonconforming work, commonly referred to as a punch list. The general conditions state that when the Contractor considers that the work, or a portion thereof that the Owner agrees to accept separately, is substantially complete, the Contractor shall prepare and submit to the A/E a comprehensive list of items to be completed or corrected. (CAPG 6.3.3. pg. 109 see also 12.3.7.2 pg. 245, CPRPG 10.8.1.2)
Punch List
Punch List identifies incomplete work and items requiring correction. (PDPG 14.1.2.3)
Punch Lists
Punch Lists are lists of items requiring correction or completion by the Contractor. The initial punch list is prepared by the Contractor prior to requesting substantial completion. During the A/E’s inspection to determine substantial completion, the A/E prepares a supplemental punch list. These two punch lists combined are the final punch list. (PDPG 14.1.2.3 CCAPG 12.3.7.2)
Purchase Order
Purchase Order outlines the terms under which the product is purchased, fabricated, delivered, and installed. The purchase order may also include provisions for payment. Purchase orders are signed at different times between different construction participants depending on the project delivery method. (PDPG 12.9.5)
Purchase Orders
Purchase Orders are forms used primarily to execute the sale of a product. Purchase orders are usually utilized between the supplier team and the Owner, Contractor, or subcontractor. (PDPG 12.9.5)
Purchase Orders
Purchase orders are contracts for materials being purchased, reference the project specifications, and include pertinent terms such as discounts, cost escalations, submittals, certifications required, samples required, freight, taxes, delivery schedule, and quantities. (CAPG 3.1.4 pg. 40)
Purchasing
Purchasing is the direct acquisition by the Owner of supplies, materials, furniture, furnishings, or special services necessary for one or more of the following: Installation by a Contractor for the project, referred to as Owner-furnished and Contractor-installed; Installation by the Owner’s personnel or a separate Contractor engaged by the Owner, referred to as Owner-furnished and Owner installed; Use in the operation of the completed project during the facility management stage (PDPG 12.9.1)
Purchasing
Purchasing is the direct acquisition of materials and equipment by an Owner for the Owner’s use or for installation in the Owner’s project. (PDPG 11.3.16)
Purchasing
Purchasing is the direct acquisition of materials and equipment, and in some cases special services, by the Owner (referred to as the buyer) for installation in the project or use in the constructed facility. Materials and equipment acquired under a purchasing contract may include supplies, furnishings, or equipment necessary for the facility to function during the facility management stage. The supplier is not normally engaged in project-site installation, except when special services are provided. (PDPG 12.3)
Qualification Statements
It is common for specifications to require qualification statements from fabricators, erectors, and installers. These statements are used by the A/E to determine that the company and the individual doing the work is qualified. These qualification statements may consist of a description of the company’s experience, along with a list of past projects and references. The specifications may require certification by a material supplier or a certification organization that the installer has been trained and is qualified to install the particular material or system or that a particular individual has been trained in a certain professional manner (e.g., welding). (CCAPG 5.3.2.8)
Quality
Quality refers to the project requirements established in the contract documents. The contract documents will be prepared resulting from the design process. (PDPG 13.8 CCAPG 7CPRPG 6.5)
Quality
The A/E prepares construction documents that set forth the requirements for construction of the project. These documents are based on the agreed-upon requirements, schedule, and budget. These requirements establish the project quality. The A/E’s ability to administer quality assurance and quality control during construction depends on how clearly these requirements are stated in the contract documents. (PDPG 11.3.4.6)
Quality
The factors of extent, time and cost will establish the quality of the project and its component parts. (PDPG 7.1.2.4)
Quantity Allowance
A specified quantity of a product or assembly that the bidder includes in the scope of the work even though the location of the product is not defined on the drawings or in the specifications. (PDPG 8.14.2.2, CPRPG 6.6.3)
Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA& QC)
Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA& QC)
- QA refers to the procedures for discovering defects and deficiencies or deviations to the contract documents before and during the execution of the work. It includes submittals, certifications, and other actions to ensure that the proposed products and services meet the contract requirements.
- QC refers to the procedures for evaluating completed activities and elements of the work for conformance with contract requirements. Procedures include testing and inspection. Contractual agreements may include the responsibility and authority to find and correct causes of unsatisfactory performance. (CAPG 7.0 pg. 135)
Quality Assurance Requirements
Quality Assurance Requirements are prerequisites, standards, limitations, and criteria that establish an overall quality for products and workmanship. (CSPG 1.8.4)
Quality Assurance
QA refers to the procedures for discovering defects and deficiencies or deviations to the contract documents before and during the execution of the work. It includes submittals, certifications, and other actions to ensure that the proposed products and services meet the contract requirements. (PDPG 13.8; CCAPG 7, CPRPG 6.5)
Quality Assurance
Quality Assurance are procedures for guarding against defects and deficiencies before and during the execution of the work. (PDPG 8.9)
Quality Assurance (QA)
Quality Assurance (QA) refers to the procedures for guarding against defects and deficiencies before and during the execution of the work. (PDPG 8.9)
Quality Control QC
Quality Control QC refers to the procedures for evaluating completed activities and elements of the work for conformance with contract requirements. Procedures include testing and inspection. Contractual agreements may include the responsibility and authority to find and correct causes of unsatisfactory performance. (PDPG 13.8; CCAPG 7, CPRPG 6.5)
Quality Loop (Quality Spiral)
In each step of the process, the previous quality control becomes part of quality assurance for the next step. This process is referred to as a quality loop or quality spiral by the American Society for Quality Control. (PDPG 8.9.3)
Quality Loop
Quality Loop is QC for one action may become QA for the next step in a process. Raw material suppliers implement QC procedures before shipping to manufacturers. Manufacturers incorporate QC procedures in their manufacturing processes. Following these procedures, manufactured components may be fabricated into more complex units. In each step of the process, the previous QC becomes part of the QA for the next step. This process is referred to as a quality loop or quality spiral by the American Society for Quality Control. (CPRPG 9.11.4)
Recommend
Recommend is to commend to the favorable attention of another, such as the A/E recommending to the Owner to make payment to the Contractor. (PDPG 13.3.2 CCAPG 2.2 (fig. 2.2))
Record Construction Documents
Record Construction Documents include drawings, the project manual, addenda, contract modifications, submittals, product data, shop drawings, samples, startup logs, commissioning reports, test reports, and certifications. (PDPG 14.2.5.1)
Record Documents
Record Documents are construction documents that are subsequently modified to show actual construction. (PDPG 14.2.5.1)
Record Documents
Record Documents are the project submittals, startup logs, and construction documents (drawings and project manual) modified to include revisions made during the construction stage. (PDPG 14.2.5.1 CCAPG 9.15.6)
Record Documents
Record Documents include the construction submittals, record drawings, record specifications, addenda, contract modifications, photographs, startup logs, test reports, certifications and other documents, which are assembled by the Contractor. (PDPG 14.2.5.1; CCAPG 12.3.2)
Record Drawings
Record Drawings are marked-up or corrected contract drawings that identify changes incorporated into the work during construction. These changes include field changes, modifications, and supplemental drawings. (PDPG 14.2.5.1)
Record Drawings
Record Drawings include contract modifications, which in turn include addenda, change directives, minor changes in the work, and change orders. They also include locations of concealed elements of the work. (PDPG 14.2.5.1 CCAPG 12.3.2)
Record Drawings
Record Drawings include: Modifications made to the drawings by addenda, change orders, supplemental instructions, and field orders; Revisions to materials, detailing, and dimensions incorporated into the project; Revised locations of structural elements, mechanical equipment, controls cabling and equipment, piping, valves, filters, cleanouts, access panels, electrical raceway, cabling, and junction boxes; Locations of underground utilities with horizontal and vertical dimensions. (PDPG 14.2.5.1)
Record Drawings
The contract documents may require record drawings. Often the Contractor marks up the contract drawings to indicate changes and field conditions. The contract documents indicate the type of information required to be included on the record drawings. Concealed conditions and utility locations are the most common information required. These record drawings are submitted through the A/E to the Owner as a permanent record of the actual conditions of the completed work. (CAPG 1.3.2.5 pg. 9)
Record drawings should include contract modifications such as addenda, change directives, minor changes in the work, and change orders. (CAPG 9.15.6 pg. 200)
Record Project Manual
Record Project Manual include: Modifications made to the project manual by addenda, change orders, supplemental instructions, and field orders; Identification of materials and systems incorporated in construction, rather than all acceptable manufacturers, materials, and systems identified in the contract documents. (PDPG 14.2.5.1)
Record Project Manual
Record Project Manual may also be revised to include modifications. In addition, the contract documents may require the specifications to be revised to identify the selected manufacturer, model name or number, and finishes of materials incorporated in the work. (PDPG 14.2.5.1 CCAPG 12.3.2)
Record Submittals
Record Submittals include a complete set of shop drawings, product data, test reports, and other information on materials, equipment, and systems incorporated into the project. (PDPG 14.2.5.1)
Referrals
Personal networking is a good source of referrals. A referral can come from many sources and generally indicates how the product is performing in another installation, or may indicate the representative has earned credibility with a past customer. (CPRPG 2.10)
Reference Standard Specifying
Reference Standard Specifying specifies product or processes by established standards. A reference standard specification uses recognized product and material standards rather than individually written product or installation criteria. Standards must be reviewed carefully to avoid duplications, optional requirements, and contradictions (PDPG 11.3.6.3 Spec PG 3.1, CPRPG 7.2)
Reference Standard
Reference Standard is incorporated by reference into the specifications and thus become commonly known as reference standards. They are published by trade associations, professional societies, standards-writing organizations, governments, and institutional organizations. (CSPG 3.1.3, CPRPG 6.4.5.9)
Reference Standards
Reference Standards is a document established by consensus that provides rules, guidelines, or characteristics for activities or their results as defined in the International Standards Organization/International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) Guide 2. These standards are “incorporated by reference” into the specifications and thus become commonly known as reference standards. They are published by trade associations, professional societies, standards- writing organizations, governments, and institutional organizations. (PDPG 4.5; CSPG 3.1.3)
Registration Data
Registration Data is a record sheet indicating the date the binder was distributed and updated, and a registration card that should be detached and mailed to the manufacturers to register the location of the binder. (CPRPG 2.12.2)
Regulatory Agency Sustainability Approvals
Regulatory Agency Sustainability Approvals include procedures and requirements for posting bonds, jobsite and recycling requirements, restrictions on airborne pollution, requirements to submit a procedures plan, and securing review and approval by AHJ. (CSPG 1.8.4)
Regulatory Requirements
Regulatory Requirements are laws and regulations governing construction are enforced at federal, state, and local levels of government to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public and ensure the integrity of completed projects. (PDPG 4.4, CPRPG 6.3.1)
Replacement Cost
Replacement Cost is the replacement value of the damaged property without deduction for depreciation. (PDPG 11.3.20.1)
Reporting Form
A policy designed for use when values of the insured property fluctuate during the policy term. Usually an adequate limit of liability is set, and then the insured reports the values actually on hand on a given day of each month. At the end of the year or policy term, these reported values are averaged and the premium adjusted accordingly. (PDPG 11.3.20.1)
Representation, Dual Nature of Supplier Team
Representation, Dual Nature of Supplier Team – (PDPG 2.5.2)
Product representatives are valuable assets to the design and construction process and there is a dual nature regarding their function and role.
Consultant: Provider of technical information necessary for properly incorporating materials and products into a project; can advise Owners, A/Es, Contractors, and subcontractors of product options, limitations, cost, installation, and maintenance
Sales: As is the case with every business, representatives are looking for opportunities to sale the products they represent
Reproduction and Distribution
The accepted copy of the Project Manual and Construction Drawings shall be reproduced in a number sufficient for distribution to each project team member, for regulatory agency approvals, funding approvals, and procurement purposes and as a record document. (CSPG 1.13.3)
Request for Proposal for A/E Services
Request for Proposal for A/E Services may be as simple as a phone call to selected A/E or an advertisement in a local newspaper. Government agencies such as the Department of Defense (DOD) or local boards of education may have formal procedures and processes for obtaining design services. (CPRPG 5.5.2.2)
Request for Qualifications (RFQ)
Request for Qualifications (RFQ) may be issued prior to the RFP or at the same time. The information received in response to the request for qualifications helps the Owner discern the qualifications of those who may be considered for the project. The Owner may want to have this information before the RFP is sent. This may help to narrow the field as the RFP is sent only to those who have been approved or prequalified. (PDPG 2.6.2.2, CPRPG 8.4.1.2)
Request for Substitutions
Request for Substitutions proposes a change of manufacturer, product, material, or system from the requirements of the contract documents, along with any cost implications. Approval of a substitution request should be documented in a change order. (CAPG 8.2.1.3 pg. 153)
Requests for Interpretations (RFIs)
The acronym RFI is sometimes used to mean request for information. RFI’s should be limited to requesting an interpretation of the documents or may be a request for information that may be missing. (PDPG 13.9.1.2 Spec PG fig. 7.7 CCAPG 8.1.2 (figs. 8.1, 8.2 & 8.3), CPRPG 9.12.1.2)
Requirements (Performance)
Requirements (Performance) specify general performance applicable to the entire facility such as sustainability, energy, and environmental design requirements. (Spec PG 7.5.8)
Resource Drawings
Resource Drawings are the drawings furnished during the procurement stage that generally show existing conditions such as roads, buildings, and current construction circumstances. These may be drawings that were prepared for the construction of existing facilities. Drawings of this nature rarely show exact as-built conditions and may be record drawings from the previous Contractor.
Resource drawings are generally furnished for reference only and are not contract documents. Resource drawings may also include items such as Owner furnished and -installed equipment that requires utility rough-in locations or attachment requirements. (PDPG 14.2.5.1; CAPG 1.3.2.1 pg. 8-9)
Resource Materials (Operations and Maintenance)
The facility manager requires a variety of resource materials to ensure efficient and effective operations and maintenance (O&M). The storage and archiving of these materials is best organized into four categories: Permanent record set; Regular use set; Equipment and systems information; Cleaning and regular maintenance information (PDPG 14.2.5.2)
Retainage Bond
If agreeable to the Owner, the Contractor may choose to submit a bond to the Owner in lieu of having the Owner withhold retainage from payments due to the Contractor. The bond provides protection to the Owner similar to the protection that withholding retainage offers. (PDPG 13.12.9 CCAPG 3.4.3, CPRPG 9.7.4.3.3)
Retainage
Progress payments are usually subject to the Retainage of a prescribed percentage of the amount due for payment. This Retainage is not to force the Contractor to perform. It protects the Owner against errors in estimating the value of work completed or defective work and is used to settle other participant (third-party) claims against the Contractor before the release of final payment. If portions of the work paid for have latent defects, or if simple errors in estimating quantities have been made, the Retainage is available to the Owner to correct the situation. (PDPG 13.12.9; CAPG 11.9 pg. 226)
Review Submittals
Under the terms of the contract between the Owner and the Contractor, the A/E is responsible for reviewing certain submittals from the Contractor. These submittals include shop drawings, product data, samples, test reports, and other types of informational submittals. At the conclusion of the project, the A/E usually reviews the record documents, operations and maintenance (O&M) data, and other closeout submittals before they are sent to the Owner. (PDPG 13.6.5 CCAPG 2.2 (fig. 2.2))
Revise and Resubmit (Submittal)
Modifications are required prior to approval. Work cannot proceed until the submittal is revised and resubmitted to the A/E for review and approval. (CCAPG 5.6)
Revised Page Method
Depending on the number and type of changes, the revised page method may be a more effective means of communicating the changes to the project manual or the drawings. This method of preparing changes to written and graphic documents is a reissuance of affected pages or sheets with appropriate markings to identify the changed portions. Although this method may not save time in preparing the change, it does save time in posting it. (CSPG 9.2.2)
Revisions, Clarifications and Modifications
Pre-contract revisions include revisions made prior to signing the agreement. Clarifications and proposals include documents initiating changes or clarifications that have not been incorporated into the contact by formal contract modifications.
Contract modifications include modifications after the construction agreement has been signed and may include additions to, deletions from, or modifications of the work to be done. (PDPG 13.9; CCAPG 1.3.4)
RFI
The acronym RFI is sometimes used to mean request for information. AIA Document A201 states that the architect will review and respond to requests for information about the contract documents. As stated and with respect to the A/E as the interpreter of the documents, RFIs should be limited to requesting an interpretation of the documents or may be a request for information that may be missing. (CAPG 8.1.2 pg. 144)
Right to Award Separate Contracts
The Owner has the right to award separate contracts. The Owner is also responsible for coordinating the activities of the various Contractors, unless this responsibility is contractually delegated to a construction manager or one of the Contractors. (CCAPG 2.1 (fig. 2.1))
Right to Carry Out the Work
If the Contractor defaults or neglects to perform the work according to the terms of the contract documents, or fails to commence work within a stipulated period of time, the Owner has the right to terminate the contract and complete the project by other means. (CCAPG 2.1 (fig. 2.1))
Right to Clean
If the Contractor does not maintain the project site free from waste materials and rubbish as required by the contract documents, the Owner may, after written notification to the Contractor, clean the site and receive reimbursement for the cost of the cleaning by adjusting the contract amount with a deductive change order. (CCAPG 2.1 (fig. 2.1))
Right to Partial Occupancy
The Owner may occupy a portion of the project if agreed to by the Contractor and the authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs). However, partial occupancy does not constitute acceptance of work not complying with the contract documents. (CCAPG 2.1 (fig. 2.1))
Right to Perform Construction
The Owner may perform construction with the Owner’s own forces, but in such cases the Owner is responsible for coordinating the work of the Owner’s forces with the Contractor’s work and schedule. (CCAPG 2.1 (fig. 2.1))
Right to Stop the Work
A significant right of the Owner during construction is the right to stop the work for good cause. This responsibility cannot be delegated to the A/E. (CCAPG 2.1 (fig. 2.1))
Right to Terminate Without Cause (Termination for Convenience)
The Owner may terminate the contract without cause. (CCAPG 2.1 (fig. 2.1))
Roofing and Waterproofing Consultant Design Team
Roofing and Waterproofing Consultant Design Team – (PDPG 2.3.10)
- Advises, assists, and makes recommendations for the roofing and waterproofing systems; may be responsible for, or influence, the selection of materials and products
- May provide construction drawings and specifications
- May participate in construction administration
Routine Maintenance
Routine Maintenance is the repair or replacement of obsolete, worn, broken, or inoperative building components or systems. This type of work might be scheduled, repetitive work or might be a request of a nonemergency nature initiated by a facility user. (PDPG 14.2.4.2)
Safety Director Contractor Team
Safety Director Contractor Team - Establishes, monitors, and maintains safety on the construction site in general and among subcontractors (PDPG 2.4.1.7)
Sales Employees
Sales Employees are responsible for making sales appointments, quoting pricing information, taking purchase orders, and arranging for product shipment if the manufacturer does not have a separate order-processing department. Often, these individuals have held other positions in the company and are thoroughly familiar with the manufacturing process. They can usually advise on nonstandard items and unique technical installation problems. Sales employees typically work toward a sales quota or goal. (PDPG 2.5.1, CPRPG 2.5.1)
Samples
Color chips and finish samples for selection of options. (CPRPG 2.12.2)
Sample Specification Memorandum
Notes or e-mail memoranda by the Project A/E to the Specifier. (CSPG 1.4.2, Figure 1.2)
Samples
Samples show color, texture and other appearance items. Samples and color selection items are physical examples of materials, equipment, or workmanship that illustrate functional and aesthetic characteristics of a material or product and establish standards by which the work will be judged. (PDPG 13.6.3.1; CCAPG 5.3.1.3)
Scaled View
To draw a view to scale means to prepare the view to accurate dimensions at something other than actual size, using a known proportion. (PDPG 11.2.4.1)
Schedule of Values
Many standard conditions of the contract, including general conditions prepared by AIA and EJCDC, require the Contractor to submit a schedule of values before beginning the work. It is prepared by the Contractor for use as the basis of the Contractor’s applications for payment. The schedule of values breaks the work down into smaller, measurable portions that the A/E and Owner are able to observe, measure, and use to determine the percent complete. (PDPG 13.12.6 CCAPG 3.4.5 (fig. 3.7))
Schedule of Values
Schedule of Values is prepared by the Contractor according to the contract documents. It is an itemization of the costs of various portions of the work, which together comprise the total contract sum. Depending on the complexity of the project, the schedule of values could be divided into line items using either UniFormat™ or Master-Format® classification system. Each line has a value that is a proportionate fraction of the total value of the whole project. (PDPG 13.12.6, CCAPG 11.6, CPRPG 9.7.4.5)
Schedules
Schedules supplement the specifications. Schedule information may include data about materials, products, and equipment. Typical types of schedules include room finish schedules, door schedules, and equipment schedules. (PDPG 11.2.9.3)
Schedules
Schedules help simplify communication by presenting data in a tabular form or in a matrix. The location and content of schedules may vary widely among A/Es. When placed in a specification section, schedules are located at the end of PART 3 EXECUTION. Although not technically part of execution, the schedules are placed there for convenience in specification preparation although they can be included in the specifications or on the drawings. (PDPG 11.2.9.3; CSPG 8.1.3)
Scheduling
Scheduling involves establishing time frames and dates for activities. Significant dates are sometimes referred to as milestones. Determining the appropriate scheduling for a project might affect decisions for the type of project delivery. (PDPG 6.8, CPRPG 5.3.3.2)
Schematic Design
During schematic design, site plan and area relationships may be defined; the general size, shape, and massing of building elements determined; elevations and exterior finishes established; and conceptual design criteria for structural, mechanical, and electrical systems identified. Written documents usually consist of preliminary project descriptions and preliminary cost projections. (PDPG 8.8.3)
Schematic Design
In the schematic design phase, the A/E reviews and evaluates the Owner’s program and budget requirements and discusses alternative approaches to the design and construction of the project based on those requirements. (CPRPG 6.2.2)
Scope Creep
Modifications to design documents may become change orders that affect time and cost. These modifications are sometimes referred to as scope creep. (PDPG 7.3.5)
Scope
Extent of work to be performed. (CSPG 5.3)
Section 01 25 00 – Substitution Procedures
Section 01 25 00 – Substitution Procedures specify basic requirements for consideration of the Contractor’s proposals for substitution of products, including general rules and procedures for determining whether products are equivalent. If substitutions are allowed both during bidding or negotiating and after the contract is awarded, the procedures here may serve for both time frames, but the procurement requirements will need to refer to this section as the basis for the process during the bidding or negotiating. Specify requirements and procedures for substitution of a specified installer. (CSPG 7.5.2)
Section 01 26 00 – Contract Modification Procedures
Section 01 26 00 – Contract Modification Procedures provide a method to allow the Contractor or the Owner to request clarification about an item of work insufficiently described or detailed in the contract documents. The method should allow the A/E to respond with a clarification that does not require a change to the contract sum or time. (CSPG 7.5.2)
Section 01 33 00 – Submittal Procedures
Section 01 33 00 – Submittal Procedures specify requirements for a schedule of submittals. Specify requirements for shop drawings, product data, and samples, including reports and data to be processed as a basis prior to accepting the product or activity. Specify shop drawing format (i.e., prints, reproducible, or electronic deliverables), required number of copies to be submitted, and required number of copies to be retained for the Owner’s use. (CSPG 7.5.3)
Section 01 81 00, Facility Performance Requirements
Section 01 81 00, Facility Performance Requirements This section is used to specify general performance applicable to the entire facility such as sustainability, energy, and environmental design requirements. (CSPG 7.5.8)
Section
Section is a portion of a Division that specifies work results. Sections are included in a Project Manual as needed to meet project requirements. Sections are represented by a MasterFormat Number and Title. (PDPG 11.3.7.3 SectionFormat, Page 4; PageFormat, Page 4)
Section
Section a section is intended to cover one portion of the project requirements. It describes particular materials, products, systems, or assemblies and their installation and particular administrative or procedural requirements. Individual sections with related items are grouped together under the appropriate divisions within MasterFormat. Specific sections are included in a project manual specification only as needed to meet the project requirements. (PDPG 11.3.7.3)
Section Format Outline
Specification organization and standard article titles in a section. (CSPG Figure 4.3)
SectionFormat
SectionFormat provides a uniform approach to organizing specification text contained in a project manual. SectionFormat assists in the organization of specification sections by establishing a structure consisting of three primary parts. These parts organize text consistently within each section. (PDPG 11.3.7.4 Spec PG 4.2.4.1, CPRPG 3.3)
SectionFormat™
This three-part format provides consistency in the presentation of information and at the same time allows flexibility for adapting to a wide variety of construction projects. (PDPG 11.3.7.4, CSPG 1.5.2, CSPG 4.2.4.1)
Sections
Sections are views of vertical cuts are known as sections or cross-sections. Sections are cut vertically through and perpendicular to project materials and components and show their detailed arrangement. Typical types of sections include building sections, wall sections, site sections, and sections of specialized engineering applications, such as a sewer pipe slope profile. (PDPG 11.2.4.2)
Seminars
Seminars is an educational presentation used to present a new product line, explain new items or features, and teach listeners about existing products. (CPRPG 2.17.2)
Sequencing
Sequencing of activities means performing work, one portion prior to another portion, in a predetermined order. (PDPG 13.10.4, CPRPG 5.3.3.1)
Shared Savings
Shared Savings provisions can be utilized to reduce initial costs and may be used with a GMP agreement as an incentive for completing the project under the GMP. With this form of “shared savings,” payment is made based on an agreed-upon portion of the difference between the original cost (stated or agreed) and the actual amount of proposed changes or substitutions. The savings are shared on a percentage basis between the parties to the agreement. (PDPG 7.1.6.5, CPRPG 5.3.4.5)
Shop Drawings
Shop Drawings are prepared by manufacturers, suppliers, subcontractors, and Contractors to illustrate a portion of the work. Only shop drawings required by the specifications are normally reviewed and acted on by the A/E. These drawings usually illustrate proposed details and techniques to show compliance with the contract documents. Shop drawings may include dimensions obtained at the project site showing how the specialized work will be incorporated into the project. Shop drawings, regardless of approvals, are not contract documents and do not waive requirements of the contract documents. (PDPG 13.6.3.1; CAPG 1.3.2.3 pg. 9)
Shop Drawings
Shop Drawings are drawings, diagrams, illustrations, and schedules specifically prepared by the Contractor to illustrate and depict more clearly some portion of the work. (PDPG 13.6.3.1; CCAPG 5.3.1.2)
Shortform Master Guide Specifications
The commercially available shortform master guide specifications have been edited and prepared in a condensed format, and can be efficiently edited to create a project specification. (CSPG 11.5)
Shortform Specifications
Shortform Specifications are made cost-effective by communicating the project requirements in the shortest possible form. They are compact and easy to read, and the language is concise and direct. (PDPG 11.3.14; CSPG 11.3)
Single Payment (Payment Interval)
When projects are of a size that enables the work to be completed in a short period, the contract sum is small, or the vast majority of the contract sum is earned in the latter stages of the project, a single payment of the entire contract amount may be appropriate. (CCAPG 11.2)
Single Prime Contract
A common form of construction contracting involves a single contract. The selected Contractor and the Owner enter into an agreement formalizing their relationship and their obligations. The Contractor then constructs the project in accordance with the contract documents. Typically the Contractor will have a portion or perhaps a majority of the work performed by subcontractors. (PDPG 5.6.1, CPRPG 5.3.5.1)
Single Prime
The most common form of construction contracting is the single prime contract. It involves negotiation or competitive bidding for a single construction contract, incorporating all work required to complete the project. (CAPG 1.4.1 pg. 12)
Site Mobilization Meeting
Site Mobilization Meeting may be held separately from the preconstruction meeting. Typically held at the project site, a site mobilization meeting addresses issues about site use. For sustainable projects trying to obtain credit for reduced site disturbance, the meeting should address allowable uses and limitations on site use. If the project involves remodeling, renovation, alterations, or an addition to an existing facility, use of the facility and adjacent facilities can be significant issues. If the Owner or tenants will continue to use the existing facility or areas affected by the work, consideration for access and use by the public may be critical. (PDPG 13.4.8 CCAPG 4.2.1.2)
Site Observations
Site Observations (see observations )
Site preparation
Remedial work, utilities, site clearing, grading, excavation, and other earthwork. (CPRPG 5.3.3.3)
Site Studies
Site Studies are a key activity of the project conception stage. A site study evaluates the likelihood that a particular location will be able to support the facility throughout its life cycle. A thorough site study is a series of coordinated investigations by qualified participants to determine a site’s suitability for its intended purposes. Site studies include: Environmental issues, Hazardous material surveys, Land use restrictions, Subsurface conditions, Archeological surveys, Foreign governments, Surrounding conditions. (PDPG 6.3.3)
Source Quality Control
Source Quality Control involves quality control of products during their fabrication/manufacture. These controls become assurances of a product’s quality. (CSPG 1.8.4)
Spare Parts
Spare Parts typically include items required for regular maintenance such as filters, gaskets, and seals. Spare parts often include replacement parts for items that are subject to vandalism or damage during normal usage or experience atypical wear. The Contractor may be required to furnish spare parts that are highly specialized or have a long lead time for replacement. (PDPG 14.2.5.3 CCAPG 12.3.3.2)
SPEC-DATA Sheets
SPEC-DATA Sheets (CPRPG 2.12.10, Fig. 2.4)
Special Inspections
Applicable codes may require the Owner to provide special inspections and testing for portions of the project. The Owner may rely upon the A/E for assistance in securing names and proposals for these services from independent testing laboratories and inspection agencies. The A/E may need to monitor these testing and inspection services to verify that required tests and inspections are taking place in a timely manner and that communication and reporting among the Contractor, testing agency, and the Owner are taking place. (CCAPG 6.4.1)
Specialty Consultants
The A/E selects specialty consultants based on project scope and needs. The specialty consultants provide the design team with the talent, knowledge, and information necessary to successfully incorporate the particular requirement. (CPRPG 2.6.2)
Specification Checklists
These forms list items by appropriate section and serve as reminders to the A/E. A comprehensive specification checklist must be compiled gradually, based on experience. A checklist of the materials to be used for a project may be circulated among the design team for use in preparing drawings and making notations. The A/E will use these lists to collect information and to start any necessary research and may use a checklist as a basis for the specification notebook. This process results in thorough specification notes and less time spent collecting information. (CSPG 1.4.2)
Specification Illustrations
Graphics should be used in specifications only with due consideration and text that clarifies the graphics’ status within the documents. (CSPG 1.9.2)
Specification
Specification is a precise statement describing the characteristics of a particular item. (PDPG 11.3)
Specification Types
Descriptive, Performance, Reference, Proprietary
Specifications
A collection of certain written construction documents and project requirements whose contents and functions are best implied by the title “Project Manual.” The project manual concept provides an organizational format and standard location for all of the various construction documents involved. (CSPG 1.1)
Specifications
Specifications define the quality requirements for products, materials, and workmanship upon which the contract is based and requirements for administration and performance of the project. They are generally written for each subject as sections and organized by divisions under MasterFormat or by categories under UniFormat. (PDPG 11.1.4; CCAPG 1.3.1)
Specifications Group
Specifications Group of MasterFormat provides the locations to describe administrative requirements and the physical aspects of construction. (PDPG 11.3.7.3)
Specifications
Specifications are specific written requirements for the work. They are generally written for each work result as sections and organized by divisions using MasterFormat™. (PDPG 11.3 CCAPG 1.3.1)
Specifications
Specifications define the qualitative requirements for products, materials, workmanship, and administrative requirements upon which the project is based. (PDPG 11.2.9 Spec PG 4.1)
Specifications
Specifications in general, can include various types of data; however, the specifications included as a part of the contract documents are the written description of the work to be performed by the Contractor and are prepared by the A/E. (PDPG 11.3 CCAPG 1.3.3)
Specifications
Specifications provide detailed requirements for the physical qualities, chemical constituents, performance requirements, and standards of workmanship associated with the manufacture and installation of materials, equipment, and components. (PDPG 11.3)
Specifications
Specifications Technical specifications that can be used as a guide in the development of project specifications. (CPRPG 2.12.2)
Specifier (Architect) Design Team
Specifier (Architect) Design Team - (Services may be provided by an independent specifications consultant. (PDPG 2.3.1.9)
- Provides material and product research
- Prepares clear, concise, correct, and complete written specifications based on the design and tailored to the construction drawings
- Does not select, but may recommend or influence, the selection of the exterior and interior materials and products that are exposed to view; may select or influence the selection of materials and products that are not exposed to view
- Assists PM, PA, and others with decisions about the technical aspects of the aesthetic design and construction drawings
Specifier
Specifier is used to refer to the specific individual(s) qualified to prepare specifications. (CPRPG 1.5)
Specifier
Specifier provides product research and development of the written construction and procurement documents. The specifier works closely with product representatives, the cost estimator, and A/E representatives to produce clear, concise, correct, and complete written documents that meet the Owner’s program and budget. (CPRPG 2.6.2)
Specifier
Specifier assists in design, product evaluation and selection, and prepares clear, concise, correct, and complete design and construction documents. (CPRPG 4.2)
Specify
A simple definition of the word “specify” is to define or describe in detail.(CSPG 4.1)
Stage (Of Facility Life Cycle)
The life cycle of a facility, from concept through construction to use and eventual deconstruction (demolition), follows a number of stages: Project conception, project delivery methods, design, construction documents, bidding/negotiating/purchasing, construction, and facility management. (PDPG Chapter 3)
Standard General Conditions
Usually in the form of published standard documents that include administrative provisions common to most construction contracts. (Spec PG 6.1)
Standards
Standards establish uniform guidelines, criteria, methods, processes, and practices for a particular building product, assembly, or technology. (PDPG 1.3.4)
Standard Products
Most manufacturers have a basic design for their standard product line. The manufacturing equipment is set to fabricate the product in a certain way and can do so in a relatively short period. (CPRPG 6.4)
Start-up of Systems and Equipment
There is a particular time in every project when the facility must become functional. This initial functioning of permanent systems and equipment, such as the mechanical, electrical, and elevator systems is known as start-up. Proper systems operation is a prerequisite for the project to be accepted by the Owner. (PDPG 13.13.3.1 7.12.3.1 CCAPG 12.3.1)
Stiplulated/Lump Sum
Stiplulated/Lump Sum is an agreed amount for a described extent of work, based on complete or partially complete construction documents. (CPRPG 5.3.4.1)
Stipulated Sum (Pricing Method)
A stipulated sum (also known as lump sum) including the cost of the work, and the Contractor’s overhead and profit. (PDPG 7.1.6.1)
Stipulated Sum
Stipulated Sum price (sometimes called stipulated sum) is an agreed amount for a described extent of work, based upon complete or partially complete construction documents. This is the simplest method of stating the basis of payment wherein a single amount is agreed upon for completion of the entire contract. (PDPG 7.1.6.1, CPRPG 8.2)
Stipulated Sum
A stipulated amount for a described scope of work based on complete or partially complete construction documents. (PDPG 7.1.6.1)
Stop Notices
Some, but by no means all, jurisdictions have statutes which allow Contractors, subcontractors, sub-subcontractors and suppliers to assert claims on construction funds. These are called stop notices, although some jurisdictions have alternative language and procedures. A stop notice may be considered a lien on construction funds rather than on real property. Stop notices are the usual remedies available to subcontractors, laborers, and suppliers for breach of contract against the Contractor. (PDPG 13.7.9.1 CCAPG 11.12.2)
Stopping the Work
Forcing a Contractor to stop work on a project is a severe action that can have ramifications on both cost and time. The standard general conditions do not give authority to the A/E to order the Contractor to stop work. The standard general conditions stipulate that if a Contractor fails to correct work that is not in compliance with the contract documents, the Owner may order the Contractor to stop work until the reason for the stoppage has been eliminated. (CPRPG 9.10.9.2)
Storage and Handling Information
Storage and Handling Information are instructions for ordering, shipping information, approximate delivery schedules, and storage instructions. (CPRPG 2.12.2)
Stored Materials
When payment for stored materials is allowed, the A/E ascertains that materials are properly invoiced, shop drawings are approved, and materials are properly stored in contractually designated areas. If materials are stored off-site, the appropriate insurance and bonds are verified. (PDPG 13.7.10 CCAPG 11.7.3 (fig. 11.4))
Structural Engineer Design Team
Structural Engineer Design Team – (PDPG 2.3.3)
- Is responsible for the technical and engineering design of the building structural support frame, including footings and foundations
- Provides construction drawings and specifications
- Participates in construction administration
Structural Systems
Structural Systems are structural steel, steel joists, load-bearing masonry, structural concrete, metal deck for concrete fill, concrete fill, and metal roof decks. Another package may include precast concrete columns, beams, and tees with concrete fill for decks and roofing. (CPRPG 5.3.3.3)
Studies
While envisioning the project, the Owner may conduct a series of preliminary studies to determine its viability. These due diligence studies are investigations carried out by the Owner, independently or in consultation with a development consultant and other experts, to identify the conditions and influences that will shape the project concept and clarify the Owner’s values and goals (PDPG 6.3)
Study and Report Phase
See Planning / Pre-Design Phase
Subcontractor
An entity that has a direct contract with the Contractor to perform a portion of the work of the project at the site. (PDPG 2.4.2 CPRPG 4.2)
Subcontractor
A Contractor often subcontracts segments of work that the Contractor does not want to “self perform.” (PDPG 2.4.2 CCAPG 2.4)
Subcontractor List
Standard AIA general conditions require the Contractor to submit list of proposed subcontractors. Some Owners may require these to be submitted with the Contractor’s bid or proposal. In order for the Owner and A/E to verify acceptability, the lists are required before work begins. These lists are prepared by the Contractor, submitted to the A/E for review, and forwarded by the A/E to the Owner for final approval. (CCAPG 3.4.4 (fig. 3.6))
Subcontractor
Subcontractor are the principal providers of labor, materials, and services in the commercial construction process. The term subcontractor defines a contractual relationship between a specialist trade Contractor and a prime Contractor on a construction project. (PDPG 2.4.2)
Subcontractor who perform portions of the work under the direction of the Contractor (PDPG2.4.2 CCAPG 1.2)
Subcontractor
The Contractor hires a subcontractor to furnish and install specific materials and systems. The subcontractor also assists the Contractor in furnishing submittals, information for O&M manuals, and warranty information. (PDPG 2.4.2, CPRPG 2.6.3)
Submittal
Submittal Includes preconstruction submittals, shop drawings, coordination drawings, product data, samples, quality assurance and quality control submittals, informational submittals, construction photographs, and closeout submittals. Quality assurance and quality control submittals are generally in response to requirements specified in the articles “Quality Assurance,” “Source Quality Control,” and “Field [or] Site Quality Control.” (CSPG 1.8.4)
Submittals
The request for a custom product often requires more extensive shop drawings, finish samples, and occasionally a mockup prior to fabrication to assist the manufacturer and A/E in communicating specific situations and desired results. (CPRPG 6.4)
Submittal Procedures
Submittal Procedures Includes such things as shop drawings, product data, and samples and provide proactive quality assurance through mutual understanding of the design intent and the contract requirements. This documentation and the samples provide assurance that the required quality will be obtained. (CSPG 1.8.3)
Submittal Procedures
Submittal Procedures are submittals such as shop drawings, product data, and samples are received and checked for completeness by the Constructor and forwarded to the A/E or returned to the Contractor for resubmittal. (CSPG 1.14.2)
Submittal Review
Submittals are reviewed and approved by the Contractor to ensure contract document requirements have been met, to check dimensions, and to coordinate with subcontractors. In order to maintain proper lines of communication, the A/E receives submittals only from the Contractor. Once approved by the Contractor, they are submitted to the A/E for review and processing. The A/E’s review is limited to determining whether the submittal is consistent with the design intent indicated in the contract documents. (PDPG 13.6.5 CCAPG 5.6)
Submittal Schedule
Submittal Schedule is a valuable component of a comprehensive construction progress schedule. The contract documents may require the submittal schedule to be incorporated into the construction progress schedule. The submittal schedule is typically assembled by the Contractor in consultation with subcontractors and suppliers. (PDPG 13.4.4, CCAPG 3.4.7, CPRPG 9.7.4.7)
Submittal Schedule
Submittal Schedule is typically assembled by the Contractor in consultation with subcontractors and suppliers. Many A/Es include a list of required submittals in the project manual or furnish one when a Contractor is selected. When the A/E does not provide a list, the Contractor compiles one by reviewing each section of the project manual …Each item that requires submittal preparation, review, and approval is included on the overall program schedule and in more detail on the submittal schedule. This includes shop drawings, samples, product data sheets, and mock-ups that require approval. Adequate time needs to be allowed for each step in the process: preparation, submittal, review, and return to the Contractor. (CAPG 3.4.7 pg. 59)
Submittal Stamps
Though these standard documents do not require the Contractor and A/E to specifically stamp the submittal, Division 01 sections that address submittals usually require the use of a submittal stamp to verify that the Contractor and A/E have completed their obligations to review and approve the submittals. Submittal stamps with specific language are used by the Contractor and by the A/E to identify the status of a reviewed submittal. In many cases the language on the stamp is suggested by a legal counsel or liability insurance company. The critical issue is that the Contractor and A/E need to be responsible for processing submittals in accordance with the requirements stated in the contract documents. (PDPG 13.6.5 CCAPG 5.6.5 (figs. 5.1 & 5.2), CPRPG 9.9.6.4)
Submittals
In a nontraditional project delivery (e.g., Integrated Project Delivery [IPD]), some construction contract administration activities may shift from the construction phase to the design phase. Submittals are one of these activities. Submission review is blended into a design process that affects the drawings and specifications as they are being developed; hence, submittals are more like construction documents and become an integral part of the document development phase of a project. (CAPG 5.0 pg. 83)
Submittals
During the construction of a traditional design-bid-build (D-B-B) delivery method for a project, the Contractor is usually required by the contract documents to submit product data, shop drawings, samples, informational submittals, closeout submittals, and maintenance material submittals to the architect/engineer (A/E) for review. These submittals are not contract documents unless specifically identified as such in the contract documents, and are not be used by the Contractor or the A/E to modify the contract. Submittals convey information about systems, equipment, materials, products, and administrative matters. They provide important information to the A/E and, through the A/E, to the Owner. Submittals are also an important part of the quality assurance (QA) for a project. (PDPG 13.6 CCAPG 5)
Submittals Preconstruction
Submittals Preconstruction (CAPG 3.4) Generally, no work begins until required preconstruction submittals have been submitted by the Contractor and reviewed by the A/E and Owner. When the Contractor receives the notice to proceed, preparation and delivery of the preconstruction submittals should begin as soon as possible. These submittals may include (modified from CAPG list)
Certificates of insurance and workers’ compensation coverage Payment and performance bonds
Proposed subcontractor and product lists Schedule of values
Schedule of Inspections and Testing submittal schedules Preliminary construction progress Schedule
Permits and regulatory issues
Subparagraph
Subparagraph is one or more sentences related to, and subordinate to, a paragraph or another subparagraph that amplifies the provisions of the paragraph to which it is subordinate. Groups of paragraphs and subparagraphs state requirements under an appropriately titled Article. (SectionFormat, Page 4; PageFormat, Page 4)
Subrogation
Subrogation allows the insurer to assume the insured party’s rights against others in exchange for payment of the loss or damage. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.4.6)
Subrogation
Subrogation is the assignment to an insurer by terms of the policy or by law, after payment of a loss, of the rights of the insured to recover the amount of the loss from one legally liable for it. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
Subscriptions
Subscriptions to local construction news services and newspapers or trade magazines are valuable tools in identifying potential leads on future projects as well as projects in different stages of development. (CPRPG 2.10)
Subscription Reporting Services
Subscription Reporting Services such as Reed Construction Data and McGraw-Hill Dodge Construction Reporting are available to product representatives and provide information on projects in various stages of the design and construction process. (CPRPG 2.10)
Substantial Completion
Substantial Completion is the date established by the A/E when the project, or a portion of the project, is so nearly complete that the Owner may use the project for its intended purpose. (PDPG 13.12.14 CCAPG 6.2.4)
Substantial Completion
Substantial Completion is the point at which the project is sufficiently complete for the Owner to occupy or utilize the facility for its intended use. The date of substantial completion is established by the A/E and documented by the issuance of a certificate of substantial completion. At substantial completion, the Owner (or the facility manager on behalf of the Owner) typically assumes responsibility for routine maintenance, utilities, security, property insurance, and liability for the facility and its adjacent grounds. (PDPG 13.12.14)
Substantial Completion
Substantial Completion occurs when the project, or a portion of the project, is sufficiently complete according to the contract documents to allow the Owner to use it for its intended purpose. (PDPG 13.12.14 Spec PG 5.4 CCAPG 12.3.6)
Substantial Completion
The date of substantial completion is when the project, or a portion of the project identified by the construction contract, is determined by the A/E to be sufficiently complete so that the Owner can use it for its intended purpose. (PDPG 13.12.14 CCAPG 11.14)
Substitute
Substitute is something that is requested to replace an item as specified. (PDPG 13.9.3 Spec PG 3.1.4.1.2)
Substitution
Some circumstances allow for substitution of products other than those named. (PDPG 13.9.3)
Substitution Procedures
Establishes procedures for proposing and evaluating substitutions during the bidding/negotiating/purchasing and construction periods without compromising quality. (CSPG 1.8.3)
The substitution procedures should be managed so that the Owner is aware of the substitutions and products ultimately included in the project. (CSPG 1.14.3)
Substitution Request
Substitution Request proposes a change of manufacturer, product, material, or system from the requirements of the contract documents, along with any cost implications. (PDPG 13.9.3, CCAPG 8.2.1.3, figs. 8.5, 8.6 & 8.7, CPRPG 8.4.1.7)
Substitution Request Procedures
It is important to establish standard procedures for the processing of substitution requests. Although the reasons for substitution requests may vary, the procurement and contract documents should contain an explanation of the procedure to be followed by material suppliers, product representatives, manufacturers, Contractors, and the A/E. It is equally important to enforce the specification requirements to ensure that only specified products or approved substitutes are used, and that the integrity and fairness of the bidding or negotiating process are maintained. (PDPG 13.9.3; CCAPG 8.3.3.8)
Substitution Requests
Substitution Requests during the construction period are normally discouraged. The substitution procedures in the contract documents should be enforced. Improper substitutions may also be viewed as unfair to the unsuccessful bidders or proposers. (CAPG 8.3 pg. 165)
Substitutions should not be considered when: (CAPG 8.3 pg. 165-168)
- The substitution request is made as an RFI.
- The substitution is indicated or implied on shop drawings, in product data submittals, or as samples without a prior formal request being submitted and approved according to Division 01.
- The submitted substitution request has not been reviewed and approved by the Contractor.
- Acceptance will require substantial revision of contract documents or other items of the project, unless the participants involved agree to reimburse costs for changes to the contract documents.
- The substitution request does not include an itemized comparison of the proposed substitution with the specified product.
Substitutions
By the nature of the IPD process, there may be multiple modifications to products, systems, or elements of the facility. These modifications typically occur during the design process and involve the entire team. (CAPG 8.3.2.4 pg. 169, CPRPG 9.12.3)
Subsurface Conditions Study
Geotechnical surveys provide information on the hidden, subsurface conditions. (PDPG 6.3.3.3)
Supervise
An important part of the Contractor’s responsibility during construction is to supervise the work. (CCAPG 5.3.2.5)
Supervise
The standard general conditions of the contract require the Contractor to supervise and direct those who are performing the work and to be responsible for construction means, methods, techniques, sequences, and procedures. (CCAPG 6.3.1)
Supervisor Contractor Team
Supervisor Contractor Team – (PDPG 2.4.1.4)
- May or may not be authorized to sign and commit the firm to binding contracts
- Directs, manages, and coordinates the day-to-day activities of the Contractor’s staff, suppliers, and subcontractors, and is involved with day-to-day activities
Supplementary Conditions
Supplementary Conditions are specially prepared to modify and expand the general conditions as needed to accommodate the unique requirements of a specific project. (PDPG 11.5.4.3; CSPG 6.1)
Supplementary Conditions
Supplementary Conditions modify the requirements of the general conditions when necessary to fit the needs of the specific project. (PDPG 11.5.4.3)
Supplementary Conditions
The requirements of the general conditions can be modified or expanded in the supplementary conditions to accommodate specific project conditions, Owner’s requirements, or unusual aspects relating to the roles, rights, duties, and responsibilities of the parties to the contract for construction. Supplementary conditions are not standard for every project and must be prepared based on requirements of the specific project. (PDPG 11.5.4.3; CSPG 6.4)
Supplier
Supplier furnishes or supplies products or services for the project, but does not perform labor at the site (PDPG 2.5, CPRPG 4.2)
Supplier Team
Supplier Team consists of individuals, organizations, and companies involved in the manufacture, promotion, and sale of construction products and systems. Effective interaction by the supplier team requires expert knowledge to educate the other project team members about available products, systems, and installation methods; provide technical assistance during project design and construction; and ensure proper installation and use of products and systems. The supplier team works with the Owner and design teams to identify products that are suitable for particular project conditions and requirements. The supplier team works with the Contractor team by providing information necessary for proper delivery, storage, and installation of products and systems. (PDPG 2.5, CPRPG 4.1.4)
Surety
Surety also referred to as the bonding company, the surety is the party that guarantees the principal’s performance. In essence, the surety agrees to be bound to the obligations of the principal should the principal fail to perform them. (PDPG 11.3.19.1 Spec PG 16.2)
Surety Bond
Surety Bond is the written document given by the surety and principal to the obligee to guarantee a specific obligation. (PDPG 11.3.19.1 Spec PG 16.2, CPRPG 9.7.4.2)
Surety
Surety provides guaranty of contractual performance of certain project participants (PDPG 11.3.19.1, CPRPG 4.2))
Sustainability
According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), green or sustainable building involves developing healthier methods of construction, operation, and demolition of buildings while at the same time using resources more efficiently. The need for green or sustainable design has been embraced by the design and construction communities and is being implemented in many facilities. (PDPG 8.7)
Sustainability Consultant Contractor Team
Sustainability Consultant Contractor Team – (PDPG 2.3.13 PDPG 2.4.1.8)
- Recommends opportunities for being environmentally sensitive and advises about the sustainability properties of materials and products
- Assists with evaluations and decision making if the project is seeking a specific rating, such as a LEED™ rating
- Advises, assists, and makes recommendations for being environmentally sensitive and for sustainable properties of materials and products
- May participate in construction administration
Sustainability Requirements
Concerns about depletion of natural resources, deteriorating environmental conditions in formerly pristine parts of the world, rising human population, loss of animal and plant species to extinction, and economic competition from developing nations have raised public awareness of the concepts of green or sustainable design. Environmental preservation has become an important issue in public policy as well as private enterprise, and a number of prominent national and international organizations provide resources to A/Es to ensure that design and construction industries respond appropriately. Some sustainability requirements protect public health and the environment and are controlled by federal, state, and local AHJs. (CPRPG 6.3.3)
Sustainable Design Principals
Sustainable Design Principals are based on theoretical models in which the documented environmental impact of individual building products, systems, subsystems, and whole structures is extrapolated to a point in the future to predict their life cycle impacts. The emphasis of sustainable design is the environmental performance of a facility over the course of its life cycle. (PDPG 8.7.1)
Swimming Pool, Fountain, and Water Feature Consultant (A/E) Design Team
Swimming Pool, Fountain, and Water Feature Consultant (A/E) Design Team – (PDPG 2.3.18)
- Is responsible for the aesthetic and technical design of the materials, products, finishes, and equipment to control water in a design feature
- May prepare construction drawings and specifications
May participate in construction administration
Systems and Assemblies (UniFormat)
These systems and assemblies are characterized by their function without identifying the products that compose them. (PDPG 11.3.7.2 Spec PG 4.2)
Systems Commissioning
System and equipment commissioning includes detailed operational testing, adjusting, and training of specific systems or equipment to ensure their readiness for use in the occupied facility. (PDPG 2.8; PDPG 14.1.2.6)
Systems Commissioning
With building systems commissioning, the commissioning authority typically becomes involved in the project near the end of the construction stage and is responsible for ensuring that designated systems are properly tested and will perform in accordance with the design. (PDPG 2.8; PDPG 14.1.2.6; CCAPG 2.8)
Technical Employees
Technical Employees answer inquiries from the design and construction teams, present seminars, and perform other educational activities such as technical training. (CPRPG 2.5.1)
Temporary Facilities and Controls
Temporary Facilities and Controls are those put into place for use only during the period of construction and that will be removed when no longer required for construction operations. (PDPG 11.3.10 Spec PG 7.1)
Termination or Suspension
Termination or Suspension establishes that the contract may be terminated or suspended by the Owner. (CSPG 5.4)
Termination without Cause (Termination for Convenience)
The Owner may terminate the contract without cause. (CCAPG 2.1 (fig. 2.1))
Test Reports
Test Reports and evaluation reports are submitted to the A/E to document required testing. For example, reports from a testing agency inspecting and testing shop welding of fabricated structural steel are routinely required. (PDPG 13.10.12 CCAPG 5.3.2.4)
Testing Agency
Testing Agency Independent testing and inspections are often required by code and by the AHJs. In addition to required tests and inspections, the Owner, A/E, or Contractor may require additional testing as part of the Owner’s, A/E’s, or Contractor’s QA and QC programs. (CAPG 2.7 pg. 31) Testing and special inspections are typically performed by specially trained personnel employed by an independent testing company. This company may work for the Owner or the Contractor; however, The requirements for providing independent testing and inspection, and identification of the party responsible, should be clearly identified in the contract documents. (CAPG 2.7 pg. 31)
Testing and Certification
Testing and Certification Product testing and certification requirements may be required by AHJs to verify requirements with regulatory requirements and by the Owner or A/E for quality assurance or quality control purposes (PDPG 13.10.12, CPRPG 4.2)
Testing and Inspection Agencies
Testing and Inspection Agencies provide quality assurance and quality control by verifying that specific project elements and components comply with the contract and code requirements (PDPG 13.10.12)
Tests
Tests may include compression tests for verification of a concrete mix design; sieve analysis of natural materials, such as aggregates or soil; and test curves for fabricated units, such as electrical switchgear. (PDPG 13.10.12)
Tests
Tests are means of verifying conformance with performance criteria and a measure of actual or predicted performance level. A test will be associated with each criterion and may be based on a recognized industry test method, calculation or engineering analysis, observation, or professional judgment. Test results may be evaluated by conducting the specified test, or simply by submitting certified results of previous testing. (PDPG 13.10.12)
The (Contract) Drawings: AIA A 201 1.1.5
The Drawings are the graphic and pictorial portions of the Contract Documents showing the design, location and dimensions of the Work, generally including plans, elevations, sections, details, schedules, and diagrams.
The Contract Documents: AIA A 201 1.1.1.
Construction documents are defined as the written and graphic documents prepared or assembled by the A/E for communicating the project design for construction and administering the construction contract. (CAPG 1.3 pg. 7)
The Contract: AIA A 201 1.1.2
A contract is established when two parties agree to be bound in a relationship defined by obligations or promises. Usually, one party agrees to pay money to another party that will provide a service or product (PDPG 5.3 pg. 68)
The Project AIA A 201 1.1.4
“The Project is the total construction of which the Work performed under the Contract Documents may be the whole or a part and which may include construction by the Owner and by separate Contractors.”
The Specifications AIA A 201 1.1.6
The Specifications are that portion of the Contract Documents consisting of the written requirements for materials, equipment, systems, standards and workmanship for the Work, and performance of related services.
The Uniform Location of Subject Matter (EJCDC 1910-16)
The Uniform Location of Subject Matter (EJCDC 1910-16) is published by the Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee (EJCDC), is a useful reference for coordinating portions of construction documents. For each subject that might be included in the construction documents, the recommended primary location, as well as any secondary locations for information, is provided. (CSPG 1.5.1)
The Work AIA A 201 1.1.3
The Work AIA A 201 1.1.3 means the construction and services required by the Contract Documents whether completed or partially completed, and includes all other labor, materials, equipment and services provided or to be provided by the Contractor to fulfill the Contractor’s obligations. The Work may constitute the whole or a part of the project.
Third Party Claims
Third Party Claims arise from construction activities that affect the interests of others in areas adjacent to or in the vicinity of the project. An example could be the excessive settlement or cracking of an existing building foundation where an adjacent excavation caused unstable soil conditions to occur (CAPG 10.2.4 pg. 203)
Third Party Claims
Third Party Claims are initiated by someone other than a party to the construction contract. Generally, third-party claims arise from construction activities that affect the interests of others in areas adjacent to or in the vicinity of the project. (PDPG 13.11.1 CCAPG 10.2.4)
Time Changes
Often, a change to the contract also affects the completion time. (CAPG 8.2 pg. 162-163)
Time Limit
The AIA standard general conditions state that time limits in the contract documents are of the essence. The time limit usually is the period of time allotted in the contract documents to achieve substantial completion of the project. (PDPG 7.1.5 CCAPG 8.2.1.9)
Time Limits
Time Limits for initiating claims are established in the general conditions to promote timely resolution so the project may proceed in an orderly manner. (CAPG 10.2.6 pg. 204)
Time limits in Alternative Dispute Resolution (CAPG 10.5.4 pg. 210) Time limits for filing liens (CAPG 11.12.1 pg. 228)
Time
Time is generally established by Owner in the project schedule developed during project conception. The amount of time for completion may be expressed in agreements in terms of calendar date(s) or a specific quantity of days. Days are usually defined in the conditions of the contract as calendar days. On certain projects, days might be defined as working days, non- weekend along with listing of holidays. See also Completion. (PDPG 7.1.5)
Time
Time is of the essence is a key factor of the agreement and may be an overriding criterion for completion. Project time available is generally established by the Owner in the project schedule developed during project conception and specified in the bidding documents. (CPRPG Fig. 5.2, CPRPG 5.3.3)
Tolerances
Tolerances are a QC requirements specified for construction items in the specifications, or by references to various industry or trade association standards related to product or equipment. Tolerances vary depending on the material and its use. Tolerances may be industry standards or they may be special project requirements. Material tolerances are as important as construction tolerances. The specifications also normally consider the tolerances and clearances required for constructability. (CCAPG 9.10.4)
Total Project Commissioning
Total Project Commissioning is defined by the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers as a method to improve the delivery of a process. Focusing on quality, the method includes making sure that all components of the building are planned, installed, and maintained according the Owner’s requirements. The total project commissioning and total building commissioning goes beyond normal verification of mechanical and electrical system performance and includes the entire project or building. Total project commissioning begins during conception and extends into facility management and use. The purpose of total project commissioning is to document the Owner’s project requirements (program/expectations) and to verify that it is achieved and placed into proper operation. (PDPG 2.8, CPRPG 5.5.7)
Total Project Commissioning
Total Project Commissioning is a quality process utilizing an independent company providing services that may include monitoring the Owner’s project requirements and verifying that the requirements are incorporated into the basis of design. Commissioning continues through the construction stage of the project providing certain QA/QC services. (PDPG 2.8)
Total Project Commissioning
Total Project Commissioning also referred to as total facility commissioning, begins during project conception and continues through facility management and use. Total project commissioning documents the Owner’s facility criteria and verifies that the criteria are achieved and that the facility is placed into proper operation. (PDPG 2.8 CCAPG 12.3.5)
Total Project Commissioning
Total Project Commissioning the commissioning authority is already part of the project team when construction begins and is typically involved throughout the construction stage. (PDPG 2.8 CCAPG 2.8)
Trade Associations
Trade Associations are organizations established by manufacturers, fabricators, or installers to promote an industry segment. Trade associations are organized to promote the proper installation, application, and use of a product; enforce industry standards and develop new standards; and occasionally lobby on political issues that affect the particular trade. (PDPG 4.6, CPRPG 2.5.5)
Tripartite Relationship
Tripartite Relationship is among the Owner, Contractor, and A/E. This relationship is created by obligations to third parties to the contract. For example, the Owner-A/E agreement may require certain duties of the A/E acting on behalf of the Owner. The Contractor has a right to rely on the proper performance of these duties. The A/E, similarly, relies on the Contractor to perform certain duties identified in the Owner-Contractor agreement, even though the A/E is not a party to that contract. The A/E relationship to the Contractor in the Owner-Contractor agreement is a third- party relationship. These third-party relationships create the third side of the triangle in the construction process. (PDPG 5.2, CPRPG Fig. 5.1)
Turnkey
Turnkey contracts mean that one entity provides all the services an Owner needs to accomplish a new facility ready for occupancy and use. (PDPG 7.5.2 pg. 137)
An additional feature of D-B is that other professional services can be offered that are in excess of the traditional design and construction services. Such services might include, but not be limited to, purchase and financing of the land, purchase and installation of specialized furnishings and equipment, building commissioning, and facility management. If these services are included in the D-B contract, then the contract could be considered a turnkey contract. (PDPG 7.5.2 pg. 137)
UFGS
Unified Facilities Guide Specifications (DOD, NASA)
Umbrella Excess Liability Insurance
Umbrella Excess Liability Insurance policy provides a layer of insurance above the limits carried in the Contractor’s other liability coverage. (DPG 11.3.20.3 Spec PG 17.4.5)
Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) governs contracts dealing with the sale of goods and, with minor variations, is the law in every state except Louisiana. The purpose of the UCC is to facilitate commerce by providing certainty and consistency in commercial transactions. (PDPG 11.3.16.3 Spec PG 13.4)
Uniform Drawing System (UDS)
The U.S. National CAD Standard for Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (NCS), including the Uniform Drawing System (UDS), provides a standard for defining and locating information on the drawings, including the identification of standard symbols, abbreviations, and notations. (PDPG 11.2.7.3)
UniFormat
UniFormat is an arrangement of construction information based on physical parts of a facility called functional elements, otherwise known as systems and assemblies. These elements are characterized by their function without identifying the work results that compose them. Elements render a view of a constructed facility different from the view rendered by a breakdown of building materials, products, and activities that comprise work results. In this way, UniFormat complements MasterFormat. UniFormat subdivides a facility by functional elements and MasterFormat subdivides by work results. (UniFormat, Page 1)
UniFormat
UniFormat organizes construction information based on the elements of a facility, otherwise known as systems and assemblies. These systems and assemblies are characterized by their function without identifying the products that compose the system. (PDPG 11.3.7.2 Spec PG 4.2)
Uniformat
Uniformat™ Is a uniform classification system for organizing preliminary construction information into a standard order or sequence on the basis of systems and assemblies. (CSPG 4.2.2, CPRPG 3.2.2)
Unit Price Payment
Unit Price Payment is made at a stipulated rate multiplied by the quantity completed. Unit prices are used in cases where the exact extent or quantity of work cannot be calculated accurately or otherwise determined in advance of actually performing the work. The unit price basis of payment is commonly used for civil engineering projects where the types of work, such as unsuitable soil or rock excavation, can be identified during the design of the project but the actual quantities of such work items can only be estimated. (PDPG 7.1.6.2, CPRPG 5.3.4.2)
Unit Price
Unit Price can be stipulated or quoted by a bidder or proposer for a single, specified unit of work. Unit prices are useful where the type of work is defined, but the extent of the work is not known or is likely to change. Unit prices are also utilized when quantity allowances are specified, providing a means of adjusting the contract sum once the full extent of the work becomes known. (PDPG 8.14.1.3, CPRPG 6.6.1)
Unknown Conditions (Unforeseen conditions or Concealed Conditions)
Unknown Conditions (Unforeseen conditions or Concealed Conditions) Contract document modifications may be necessary when….Unknown conditions necessitate changes to the project. (CAPG 8.2.1 pg. 150)
Unknown conditions may arise that were not anticipated during the preparation of documents or pricing…If the Contractor encounters conditions materially different than indicated on the contract documents, the procedures contained in the conditions of the contract are to be implemented. These procedures allow the work to proceed while the Contractor and the Owner agree on a fair and equitable adjustment to the contract time, cost, or both for credits or expenses incurred by the concealed or unknown conditions. (PDPG 13.9; CAPG 8.2.2 pg. 163 – 164)
Unknown Conditions
Unknown Conditions The contract documents are not perfect and the architect/engineer (A/E) is normally called upon for interpretations, clarifications, and modifications. Some changes, such as those resulting from concealed and unknown conditions, cannot be avoided. Part of the A/E’s construction contract administration responsibility is having orderly procedures for managing these situations, whenever they occur. (CCAPG 8)
Use and Occupancy Insurance
Use and Occupancy Insurance is a term used to describe business interruption coverage which is caused by boiler and machinery occurrences. Use and occupancy coverage can be added to a boiler and machinery policy by endorsement. (Spec PG 17.7)
USGBC
U.S. Green Building Council. (CSPG 7.5.8)
Utility Provider
Utility Provider Public or regulated private participant providing sewer, water, fuel, electricity, or communication services to the project (PDPG 2.2.6, CPRPG 4.2)
Value Analysis Process
Properly implemented, value analysis is composed of a series of phases, including: data-gathering phase, investigation phase, analytical / development phase, reporting phase, implementation phase, and evaluation phase (PDPG 8.13)
