T6: History, Treatment, and Therapy Flashcards
Stone Age
drilled holes into skulls to release demons
Ancient Greeks + Romans
mentally ill had offended the gods. treated with prayer and religious rituals (exorcism, which was more like torture)
Hippocrates
Believed mental disorders had physical causes. Treatment was to change environment and give medicine
Middle Ages
Believed mentally ill were “bad people” caused by evil spirits. Treatment was to torture to drive out evil spirits.
Insane Asylums
Patients treated very poorly. Tortured, starved, put on display for entertainment, bled to remove “bad blood”
Enlightenment Names to Know
Philippe Pinel, Benjamin Rush, Dorothea Dix, Clifford Beers
Philippe Pinel
French physician, believed in moral, humane treatment for asylum inmates.
Benjamin Rush
american psychiatrist, believed mentally ill should not be put on display
Dorothea Dix
american nurse, campaigned for higher standards of care
Clifford Beers
Bioplar patient, wrote about his care in asylums (A Mind that Found Itself) credited as impetus for “mental health movement”
Modern Treatment Approaches
biomedical, psychoanalytic, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive
Biomedical Approach
psychosurgery, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), drug therapy
Lobotomy
destroys connection between prefrontal cortex and lower brain centers, treatment for severe depression, violence, and agitation. regularly performed in 1940s-50s.
-side effects: seizures, memory loss, inability to plan ahead, acting childishly
Split Brain Procedure
destroys Corpus Callosum. treatment for epilepsy.
Small Lesions of Limbic System
treatment for violent behavior
Cingulotomy
destroys connection of PFC to limbic system. treatment for extreme anxiety and OCD.
Deep Brain Stimulation
activates areas of the brain artificially. treatment for Parkinson’s, depression, and epilepsy.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
involves passing electric current across patients head for a fraction of a second. introduced in 1934 as a treatment for schizophrenia. now is a treatment for major depression and bipolar disorder, in patients resistant to other treatments.
-side effects: amnesia, mental confusion
-unilateral ECT: as effective as traditional, less dangerous. mostly right hemisphere.