T6: History, Treatment, and Therapy

Question 1

Stone Age

Answer 1

drilled holes into skulls to release demons

Question 2

Ancient Greeks + Romans

Answer 2

mentally ill had offended the gods. treated with prayer and religious rituals (exorcism, which was more like torture)

Question 3

Hippocrates

Answer 3

Believed mental disorders had physical causes. Treatment was to change environment and give medicine

Question 4

Middle Ages

Answer 4

Believed mentally ill were “bad people” caused by evil spirits. Treatment was to torture to drive out evil spirits.

Question 5

Insane Asylums

Answer 5

Patients treated very poorly. Tortured, starved, put on display for entertainment, bled to remove “bad blood”

Question 6

Enlightenment Names to Know

Answer 6

Philippe Pinel, Benjamin Rush, Dorothea Dix, Clifford Beers

Question 7

Philippe Pinel

Answer 7

French physician, believed in moral, humane treatment for asylum inmates.

Question 8

Benjamin Rush

Answer 8

american psychiatrist, believed mentally ill should not be put on display

Question 9

Dorothea Dix

Answer 9

american nurse, campaigned for higher standards of care

Question 10

Clifford Beers

Answer 10

Bioplar patient, wrote about his care in asylums (A Mind that Found Itself) credited as impetus for “mental health movement”

Question 11

Modern Treatment Approaches

Answer 11

biomedical, psychoanalytic, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive

Question 12

Biomedical Approach

Answer 12

psychosurgery, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), drug therapy

Question 13

Lobotomy

Answer 13

destroys connection between prefrontal cortex and lower brain centers, treatment for severe depression, violence, and agitation. regularly performed in 1940s-50s.
-side effects: seizures, memory loss, inability to plan ahead, acting childishly

Question 14

Split Brain Procedure

Answer 14

destroys Corpus Callosum. treatment for epilepsy.

Question 15

Small Lesions of Limbic System

Answer 15

treatment for violent behavior

Question 16

Cingulotomy

Answer 16

destroys connection of PFC to limbic system. treatment for extreme anxiety and OCD.

Question 17

Deep Brain Stimulation

Answer 17

activates areas of the brain artificially. treatment for Parkinson’s, depression, and epilepsy.

Question 18

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Answer 18

involves passing electric current across patients head for a fraction of a second. introduced in 1934 as a treatment for schizophrenia. now is a treatment for major depression and bipolar disorder, in patients resistant to other treatments.
-side effects: amnesia, mental confusion
-unilateral ECT: as effective as traditional, less dangerous. mostly right hemisphere.