Q1: Motivation Emotion Stress

Question 1

Antagonist

Answer 1

inhibits action, stops receptor

Question 2

Agonist

Answer 2

mimics action, ex: LDOPA

Question 3

motivation

Answer 3

process that arouses, directs, and maintains behavior
-instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Question 4

Instinct Theory

Answer 4

complex, unlearned behavior performed by a species (ex. geese in a > when flying). William McDougal.
Positives of approach: humans do engage in some behaviors that are basically biologically inherited.

Question 5

William McDougal

Answer 5

argued that human behavior could be explained in terms of instincts. proposed 11 basic instincts but kept adding more when something didn’t fit, which was the downfall of this theory.

Question 6

Drive-Reduction Theory

Answer 6

explains behavior in terms of biological needs that create drives to satisfy these needs. primary and secondary drives. (ex. temp regulation)

Question 7

need

Answer 7

lack or shortage of a biological essential

Question 8

drive

Answer 8

state of tension, arousal, or activation in response to needs

Question 9

primary drive

Answer 9

based on unlearned psychological needs, to regulate homeostasis.

Question 10

secondary drive

Answer 10

product of learning experiences, incentives (operant conditioning)

Question 11

Arousal Theory

Answer 11

(stress) claims that there is an optimal balanced level of arousal that organisms are motivated to maintain.
-optimal level of arousal needed for best performance will vary: day to day, task to task, person to person
-Yerkes-Dodson Law

Question 12

Yerkes Dodson Law

Answer 12

states that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases. (chart of anxiety vs performance with three curves)

Question 13

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 13

proposes a pyramid of human needs. start at bottom and work your way up. needs aren’t actually linear though. (basic, psychological, self-fulfillment)

Question 14

Incentive Theory

Answer 14

reinforcement motive. is a secondary drive in drive reduction.

Question 15

Hunger

Answer 15

uses ghrelin, nutrient receptors in the liver, insulin, and leptin.

Question 16

Ghrelin

Answer 16

hormone that increases feelings of hunger (stomach)

Question 17

Insulin

Answer 17

in the pancreas, regulates blood-hormone levels

Question 18

leptin

Answer 18

fat. tells you to slow down eating.

Question 19

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

Answer 19

(satiety center) insulin and leptin go here to signal body to stop eating.

Question 20

Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)

Answer 20

(hunger center) ghrelin and orexin go here to signal you need to keep eating.

Question 21

involvement of leptin

Answer 21

indicates stored energy. without leptin in body an animal gets very big and is constantly hungry (the same is true in humans). “leptin deficiency” explanation for obesity.

Question 22

Reward Pathways

Answer 22

work the same for both drugs of abuse and food, thus causing food to be a very different and difficult type of addiction to approach.

Question 23

energy

Answer 23

is neither created or destroyed.
input=output, maintain weight
input > output, gain weight
input < output, lose weight

Question 24

obesity risks

Answer 24

heart diseases, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, cancer, asthma. (epidemic of the 21st century)

Question 25

biological component of obesity

Answer 25

twin studies. monozygotic twins will look similar while dizygotic twins will be different. proves involvement of genes in obesity.

Question 26

Treatment to obesity

Answer 26

nothing quick and easy. body is programmed to gain, not lose, weight. change lifestyle: eat less and exercise more. people who lose weight will often be hungry all of the time for the rest of the time they’re that smaller weight.

Question 27

BMI

Answer 27

anything equal to or greater than thirty

Question 28

Eating disorders

Answer 28

refusal to maintain a normal body weight. anorexia and bulimia nervosa.

Question 29

Anorexia

Answer 29

significantly low body weight , intense fear of becoming fat. disturbance in one’s body image or perceived weight, purging behavior.

Question 30

Bulimia

Answer 30

recurring binge eating, feeling lack of control over eating, purging behavior, self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body weight. normal body weight may be maintained.

Question 31

causes of eating disorders

Answer 31

over value of thinness, perfectionists with unreasonable standards for themselves and have strong need for approval,

Question 32

Sexual motivation and sexual behaviors

Answer 32

sex drive is unique. survival is not dependent on this, it depletes bodily energy, and is not present at birth. sex hormones influence us at many timepoints: prenatal development, puberty, after puberty into late adulthood.

Question 33

testosterone

Answer 33

main male sex hormone

Question 34

estrogens

Answer 34

main female sex hormones

Question 35

Achievement motivation

Answer 35

need to achieve: the acquired need to meet or exceed some standard of excellence. measured with TAT. ring toss test demonstrates high vs low need.

Question 36

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Answer 36

Freudian Projection. internal things you deal with that you put on the outside: project into your perception of images.

Question 37

Power Motivation

Answer 37

Need for power: need to be in control, to be in charge in the situation and of others. measured by TAT. high need is neither good or bad: high=like to be admired, low=avoid situations of dependence.

Question 38

Needs for affiliation and intimacy

Answer 38

need for affiliation: need to be with others, to work with others to some end, and to form friendships and associations. need for intimacy: need to form and maintain close affectionate relationships. (women more likely than men)

Question 39

Loneliness

Answer 39

arises when there is a discrepancy between relationships we would like to have and those we actually have. everyone will experience this, to what degree varies.