Q8: Cognition

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

a set of systems involved in the acquisition, storage, and retrieval of information.

Question 2

Memory Encoding Forms

Answer 2

Visual, Acoustic, Semantic

Question 3

Visual Encoding

Answer 3

coded by forming mental picture, fades very quickly

Question 4

Acoustic Encoding

Answer 4

coded by sound, can fade quickly

Question 5

Semantic Encoding

Answer 5

coded by meaning, allows for longer term storage

Question 6

memory storage stages

Answer 6

(process of keeping information in memory) Sensory Memory, Working/Short-Term memory, and long term memory.

Question 7

Sensory memory

Answer 7

stores large amount of sensory info for a few seconds, or less. Iconic (Visual) encoding lasts for 1/2 second, Echoic (auditory) encoding lasts for 5-10 seconds

Question 8

Short Term Memory

Answer 8

15-20 seconds. stores limited amounts of info for a brief duration. often called working memory. length can improve with maintenance rehearsal. acoustic + visual encoding. keeps spoken info for 5-9 chunks, and visual for 4-6 chunks.

Question 9

working memory

Answer 9

short term memory is actively worked on

Question 10

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 10

repeating info over and over

Question 11

chunk

Answer 11

unit of meaningful information (splitting info into groups of chunks makes it easier to learn)

Question 12

serial position effect

Answer 12

things at the start and end are easier to remember, middle is lost

Question 13

functions (STM)

Answer 13

remembering info long enough to use it (phone #), simple math problems, and processing language

Question 14

Long Term Memory

Answer 14

anything longer than 20 seconds. stores large amounts of info for long periods of time. encoded via acoustic visual and semantic, but semantic is best.

Question 15

Types of Long Term Memory

Answer 15

Nondeclarative memory, declarative memory

Question 16

Non-Declarative Memory

Answer 16

(implicit/procedural) “knowing how” habits + motor behaviors, recalled without conscious effort. not associated with hippocampus, associated with cerebellum.

Question 17

Declarative Memory

Answer 17

(explicit) “knowing that” facts and figures, recalled with conscious effort. includes semantic and episodic memories.

Question 18

Semantic Memory

Answer 18

facts and figures

Question 19

Episodic Memory

Answer 19

personal experiences

Question 20

amnesia

Answer 20

(+other forgetting issues) spared nondeclarative memory, so you don’t know your name but you can still get dressed

Question 21

Long Term Memory Encoding

Answer 21

information won’t get into the LTM by paying attention to it and maintenance rehearsal. needs to be semantic to get encoded. (elaborative rehearsal).

Question 22

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 22

making information meaningful to you

Question 23

ways to encode into LTM

Answer 23

organize the info, relate the info to info already in the LTM, form images of it with mnemonic devices

Question 24

mnemonic devices

Answer 24

memory aids, things people do to improve memory

Question 25

Long Term Memory Capacity

Answer 25

seemingly limitless

Question 26

Long Term Memory Duration

Answer 26

possibly life-long. some things will always be remembered (like your name)

Question 27

Long Term Memory Accuracy

Answer 27

not exact copies of experience (misinformation effect)

Question 28

Misinformation Effect

Answer 28

incorporating misleading info into one’s memory of an event (imagining nonexistent actions and events can create false memories)