Q8: Social

Question 1

social psychology

Answer 1

field of psychology concerned with how others influence the affect, behavior, and cognitions of the individual.
- how do we perceive others? How do we relate to others? How are we influenced by them?

Question 2

Social perception

Answer 2

process by which we form impressions, make judgements, and develop attitudes about the people and events that constitute our social world
-impressions, attributions, attitudes

Question 3

impression formation

Answer 3

process by which we form an opinion or impression of another person
-influenced by personal disclosure, social schemas, self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 4

personal disclosure

Answer 4

generally, we form more favorable impressions of people who are willing to disclose some but not too much personal information

Question 5

social schemas

Answer 5

mental image or representation that we use to understand environment

Question 6

stereotype

Answer 6

preconceived ideas about groups of people, can exist on two levels: explicit and implicit.

Question 7

explicit stereotype

Answer 7

conscious

Question 8

implicit stereotype

Answer 8

unconscious

Question 9

attribution

Answer 9

explanation that we form about the causes of behavior or events we observe.
-internal and external

Question 10

internal attribution

Answer 10

explains a person’s behavior in terms of characteristics of that person

Question 11

external attribution

Answer 11

explains a person’s behavior in terms of something out of their control.

Question 12

fundamental attribution error

Answer 12

tendency to favor internal attributions rather than external situational explanations

Question 13

self-serving bias

Answer 13

attribute success to internal sources, and failures to external ones.

Question 14

actor-observer bias

Answer 14

tendency to use external attributions for our own behaviors, and internal attributions for others’ behaviors.

Question 15

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 15

an expectation that helps bring about the outcome that is expected

Question 16

attitude

Answer 16

relatively stable disposition used to evaluate a person, object, or event.
-explicit, implicit.

Question 17

explicit attitude

Answer 17

conscious

Question 18

implicit attitude

Answer 18

unconscious

Question 19

components of attitudes

Answer 19

cognitions: sets of belief
affect: feelings of liking/disliking
behavior: predispositions to act positively/negatively

Question 20

formation of attitudes

Answer 20

observational learning, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, direct personal experience.

Question 21

mere exposure phenomenon

Answer 21

when first exposed to something you don’t like it, but after being exposed to it more and more, you like it.
-ex: music, people.

Question 22

agenda setting

Answer 22

media’s role in attitude formation
-what’s covered and how is it covered?

Question 23

changing attitudes

Answer 23

persuasion and cognitive dissonance theory

Question 24

persuasion

Answer 24

deliberate attempt to change attitudes or beliefs with information and arguments. someone else.
-elaboration likelihood model

Question 25

cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 25

changing attitudes to reduce inconsistency between attitude and cognitions/behaviors.

Question 26

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 26

says theres two routes to persuasion: central and peripheral.

Question 27

central route

Answer 27

audience is motivated and analytical. processing is high effort and focused on content. persuasion is long lasting.

Question 28

peripheral route

Answer 28

audience isnt motivated or analytical. processing is low effort and focus is on peripheral details. change is short lived

Question 29

variables influencing persuasion

Answer 29

source: credibility, likeability, similarity
message: one vs two sided arguments. repetition
recipient: intelligence, self confidence, mood

Question 30

cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 30

attitudes change to reduce attitude inconsistency.
reduce by: changing attitude, thoughts, behavior. reducing amount of perceived choice.

Question 31

bystander intervention

Answer 31

decision model: 1- recognize need for help. 2- interpret as an emergency. 3- assume personal responsibility. 4- choose a way to help. 5- implement decision.
yes to all = assurance
no to one = no helping

Question 32

bystander effect

Answer 32

social inhibition of helping.
due to: audience inhibition, pluralistic ignorance, diffusion of responsibility, category relationship

Question 33

audience inhibition

Answer 33

tendency to be hesitant to do anything in front of others, especially strangers

Question 34

pluralistic ignorance

Answer 34

group becomes paralyzed by conformity of inaction of others

Question 35

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 35

the greater the number of people present, the smaller is each persons perceived obligation to help.

Question 36

category relationship

Answer 36

belief that parties involved belong together in some way, which reduces bystander intervention. (ex child screaming is throwing a tantrum, not being kidnapped)

Question 37

prejudice

Answer 37

attitude that represents a biased (often negative) deposition toward groups of people. thought

Question 38

discrimination

Answer 38

biased, often negative, behavior directed at a member of a social group simply because of that persons group membership. action

Question 39

contact hypothesis

Answer 39

belief that under certain conditions, increased inter group contact helps reduce prejudice.
needs: social and institutional support, acquaintance potential, equal status, inter group cooperation.

Question 40

aggression

Answer 40

any behavior carried out with the intention of harming another person

Question 41

causes of aggression

Answer 41

instincts: “killer instincts” (not in everyone).
biology: testosterone increases, hypoglycemia, alcohol and drug use.
frustration: aggressive stimuli.
social learning

Question 42

personal identity

Answer 42

individual identity. part of psychological makeup that distinguishes you.

Question 43

social identity

Answer 43

group identity. refers to sense of yourself as member of various groups.

Question 44

conformity

Answer 44

when we modify our behavior under perceived pressure to do so, to make it consistent with the behavior of others.

Question 45

Asch’s conformity experiment

Answer 45

subjects asked to judge line lengths, answering after hearing multiple incorrect answers. subjects conformed to the group.
influenced by: competency of the majority, level of ambiguity, and gender

Question 46

obedience

Answer 46

when we yield to pressure of perceived authority figures

Question 47

Milgram’s experiment

Answer 47

subjects had to shock a “learner” for answering questions wrong, increasing voltage each time. even when learners cried for help or became unresponsive the subject continued due to influence of an authority figure.

Question 48

Zimbardo’s stanford prison experiment

Answer 48

“normal” subjects were randomly assigned prisoner or guard and then were sent to live as such for two weeks. after two days things went downhill, showing that social roles and evil places can make a person act out of typical character, or evilly. links to prison abuse. was shut down after five full days.

Question 49

social loafing

Answer 49

tendency to work less as the size of a group in which one is working becomes larger.
it increases when work cannot be identified, is anonymous in the group, or person is fatigued.
it decreases when it is from a collectivist perspective, or the task is interesting or judged to be important.

Question 50

Social facilitation

Answer 50

when others watch you perform a task, you will do better at it. occurs with simple, well-learned tasks.

Question 51

social interference

Answer 51

when presence of others leads to poor performance. occurs with complex, not well-learned tasks.

Question 52

groupthink

Answer 52

a type of conformity. making less logical decisions as a group.