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AP Psych > T3: Consciousness / Learning > Flashcards

T3: Consciousness / Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

chemical substances that can alter consciousness by inducing changes in perception, mood, or behavior. - qualified by quantity needed to induce chemical changes.

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2
Q

Tolerance

A

needing more of a drug to have a biological effect, decreased response to the same dose over time.

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3
Q

dependence

A

a state where if drug use is stopped, withdrawal symptoms will occur.

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4
Q

withdrawal

A

wide range of symptoms that occur after stopping / reducing drug usage after prolonged use of it. often opposite symptoms.

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5
Q

addiction

A

the continued compulsive use of a drug despite adverse health/social consequences.

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6
Q

Stimulants

A

caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA

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7
Q

depressants

A

alcohol, opiates, barbituates

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8
Q

hallucinogens

A

marijuana, LSD

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9
Q

Reward Pathway

A

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) releases dopamine in the Nucleus accumbens (NAc) and Prefrontal Cortex (PFC). makes you want to use this pathway even more.
[how dopamine is linked to addiction]

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10
Q

cocaine

A

blocks reuptake pump for dopamine (increases dopamine)

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11
Q

amphetamines

A

block reuptake of dopamine and stimulate release of dopamine and norepinephrine.

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12
Q

treatment for addiction

A

needs to take in all natures of things the drug does.
-detoxification, therapeutic drugs, counseling, self-help programs

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13
Q

learning

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience
-behaviorist (watson + skinner)
-can be good (new info) or bad (bad habits)

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14
Q

behavioral approaches

A

classical conditioning, operant conditioning

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15
Q

cognitive approaches

A

latent learning, social learning

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16
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning

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17
Q

Event-Event Learning

A

learning to associate stimuli (starts on a reflex)

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18
Q

Classical Conditioning

A
  1. Before Conditioning
    unconditioned stimulus –> unconditioned response
    neutral stimulus –> no response
  2. During Conditioning
    NS –> UCS –> UCR
  3. After Conditioning
    conditioned stimulus –> conditioned response
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19
Q

Generalization

A

applying more broadly
-will respond (give CR) to any CS (stuff that’s close)

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20
Q

Discrimination

A

telling the difference
-only responding (giving CR) when it is exactly the CS

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21
Q

Acquisition (classical conditioning)

A

the CS + UCS are paired and strength of CR increases

22
Q

Extinction (classical conditioning)

A

process in which the strength of a CR decreases with repeated presentations of the CS alone

23
Q

Spontaneous Recovery (classical conditioning)

A

the return of the extinguished CR after a rest interval

24
Q

Frequency of Pairings

A

more often the CS us with the UCS, the stronger the CR will be

25
Q

Timing

A

closer together CS + UCS are paired, the stronger the CR will be

26
Q

Intensity of UCS

A

the stronger the UCS, the faster the conditioning

27
Q

“Little Albert” Study

A

conducted by John Watson in 1920, demonstrated that emotional responses can be learned.

28
Q

Systemic desensitization

A

conditioning technique where goal is to gradually teach patients to associate positive feelings with a previously feared stimulus

29
Q

advertisements

A

pair product (CS) with sexual images (UCS) to elicit desire for product (CR)

30
Q

cravings

A

food: eating specific food in specific settings
drug: exposure to previous drug related cues leads to cravings

31
Q

taste aversion

A

dislike of a food based on bad experience with it

32
Q

operant conditioning

A

behavior-event learning, learning by effect, based on the law of effect

33
Q

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

A

responses that have satisfying effects are more likely to be repeated, while those with unpleasant effects are less likely to be repeated

34
Q

operant conditioning chart

A

…………….. inc. behavior dec. behavior
added + reinforcement + punishment
removed - reinforcement - punishment

35
Q

avoidance conditioning

A

(negative reinforcement) do things to avoid consequence you don’t want to have

36
Q

skinner box

A

operant conditioning container (skinner’s air crib)
rats pressing lever certain amount of times

37
Q

shaping

A

reinforces successive approximations of the response you want to condition (ex, training a dog)

38
Q

Acquisition (operant conditioning)

A

process in which the rate of a reinforced response increases

39
Q

Extinction (operant conditioning)

A

behavior increases for a bit but soon dwindles out: decrease in rate of response as reinforcers are withheld

40
Q

Spontaneous Recovery (operant conditioning)

A

return of extinguished response after a period of rest

41
Q

Reinforcemnet

A

the process that increases rate of a response

42
Q

Reinforcer

A

stimulus used in process of reinforcement

43
Q

positive reinforcement

A

giving (+) a valued, pleasanr stimulus to strengthen a response (more behavior)

44
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removing (-) a painful, unpleasant stimulus to strengthen a response (more behavior)

45
Q

Punishment

A

process that decreases rate of response

46
Q

punisher

A

stimulus used in punishment

47
Q

positive punishment

A

adding (+) a painful stimulus to weaken a response (less behavior)

48
Q

negative punishment

A

removing (-) a positive stimulus to weaken a response (less behavior)

49
Q

Cognitive Learning

A

involves the acquisition of knowledge or understanding, which may or may not be reflected in behavior. focuses on changes that occur in an organism’s system of mental representations of itself and its world.

50
Q

latent learning

A

learning takes place before reward is given, just now shown in behavior. performance is different from learning.

51
Q

social learning

A

emphasizes learning as a social activity, learning often takes place through observation and imitation of models

52
Q

Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment

A

concluded that learning can take place in absence of reinforcement, learning happens from observation

AP Psych (23 decks)

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