T3: Consciousness / Learning Flashcards
Psychoactive drugs
chemical substances that can alter consciousness by inducing changes in perception, mood, or behavior. - qualified by quantity needed to induce chemical changes.
Tolerance
needing more of a drug to have a biological effect, decreased response to the same dose over time.
dependence
a state where if drug use is stopped, withdrawal symptoms will occur.
withdrawal
wide range of symptoms that occur after stopping / reducing drug usage after prolonged use of it. often opposite symptoms.
addiction
the continued compulsive use of a drug despite adverse health/social consequences.
Stimulants
caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA
depressants
alcohol, opiates, barbituates
hallucinogens
marijuana, LSD
Reward Pathway
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) releases dopamine in the Nucleus accumbens (NAc) and Prefrontal Cortex (PFC). makes you want to use this pathway even more.
[how dopamine is linked to addiction]
cocaine
blocks reuptake pump for dopamine (increases dopamine)
amphetamines
block reuptake of dopamine and stimulate release of dopamine and norepinephrine.
treatment for addiction
needs to take in all natures of things the drug does.
-detoxification, therapeutic drugs, counseling, self-help programs
learning
a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience
-behaviorist (watson + skinner)
-can be good (new info) or bad (bad habits)
behavioral approaches
classical conditioning, operant conditioning
cognitive approaches
latent learning, social learning
Ivan Pavlov
Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning
Event-Event Learning
learning to associate stimuli (starts on a reflex)
Classical Conditioning
- Before Conditioning
unconditioned stimulus –> unconditioned response
neutral stimulus –> no response - During Conditioning
NS –> UCS –> UCR - After Conditioning
conditioned stimulus –> conditioned response
Generalization
applying more broadly
-will respond (give CR) to any CS (stuff that’s close)
Discrimination
telling the difference
-only responding (giving CR) when it is exactly the CS
Acquisition (classical conditioning)
the CS + UCS are paired and strength of CR increases
Extinction (classical conditioning)
process in which the strength of a CR decreases with repeated presentations of the CS alone
Spontaneous Recovery (classical conditioning)
the return of the extinguished CR after a rest interval
Frequency of Pairings
more often the CS us with the UCS, the stronger the CR will be
Timing
closer together CS + UCS are paired, the stronger the CR will be
Intensity of UCS
the stronger the UCS, the faster the conditioning
“Little Albert” Study
conducted by John Watson in 1920, demonstrated that emotional responses can be learned.
Systemic desensitization
conditioning technique where goal is to gradually teach patients to associate positive feelings with a previously feared stimulus
advertisements
pair product (CS) with sexual images (UCS) to elicit desire for product (CR)
cravings
food: eating specific food in specific settings
drug: exposure to previous drug related cues leads to cravings
taste aversion
dislike of a food based on bad experience with it
operant conditioning
behavior-event learning, learning by effect, based on the law of effect
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
responses that have satisfying effects are more likely to be repeated, while those with unpleasant effects are less likely to be repeated
operant conditioning chart
…………….. inc. behavior dec. behavior
added + reinforcement + punishment
removed - reinforcement - punishment
avoidance conditioning
(negative reinforcement) do things to avoid consequence you don’t want to have
skinner box
operant conditioning container (skinner’s air crib)
rats pressing lever certain amount of times
shaping
reinforces successive approximations of the response you want to condition (ex, training a dog)
Acquisition (operant conditioning)
process in which the rate of a reinforced response increases
Extinction (operant conditioning)
behavior increases for a bit but soon dwindles out: decrease in rate of response as reinforcers are withheld
Spontaneous Recovery (operant conditioning)
return of extinguished response after a period of rest
Reinforcemnet
the process that increases rate of a response
Reinforcer
stimulus used in process of reinforcement
positive reinforcement
giving (+) a valued, pleasanr stimulus to strengthen a response (more behavior)
negative reinforcement
removing (-) a painful, unpleasant stimulus to strengthen a response (more behavior)
Punishment
process that decreases rate of response
punisher
stimulus used in punishment
positive punishment
adding (+) a painful stimulus to weaken a response (less behavior)
negative punishment
removing (-) a positive stimulus to weaken a response (less behavior)
Cognitive Learning
involves the acquisition of knowledge or understanding, which may or may not be reflected in behavior. focuses on changes that occur in an organism’s system of mental representations of itself and its world.
latent learning
learning takes place before reward is given, just now shown in behavior. performance is different from learning.
social learning
emphasizes learning as a social activity, learning often takes place through observation and imitation of models
Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment
concluded that learning can take place in absence of reinforcement, learning happens from observation
