Q3: Development

Question 1

developmental stages

Answer 1

prenatal, childhood, adolescence, adulthood

Question 2

prenatal period

Answer 2

time from conception to birth. three stages: germinal, embryonic, and fetal

Question 3

germinal

Answer 3

0-2 weeks, sperm fertilizes egg, implantation in uterus

Question 4

embryonic

Answer 4

3-8 weeks, organ systems begin to develop

Question 5

fetal

Answer 5

9wks-9months, organs continue to grow and start functioning, arms and legs move spontaneously

Question 6

influences on prenatal development

Answer 6

maternal factors: alcohol, nutrition, smoking, psychoactive drugs, environmental toxins.
paternal factors: quality of sperm

Question 7

folic acid

Answer 7

critical for bone development and growth. spina bifida, cleft palate.

Question 8

childhood development

Answer 8

motor, cognitive, gender identity, social attachments

Question 9

motor development

Answer 9

babies are born with a range of reflexes: rooting, eye blink, sucking, moro, palmar grasp, babinski reflex.
sequence of motor milestones: rolling over, sitting unsupported, crawl, walk

Question 10

cognitive development

Answer 10

age related changes in learning, memory, perception, attention, thinking, and problem solving

Question 11

Jean Piaget

Answer 11

fascinated by children having similar wrong answers on IQ tests. proposed that children’s reasoning develops in a series of stages.

Question 12

Intelligence (Piaget)

Answer 12

1. schemas, 2. process/functions (memory, processing speed)

Question 13

schemas

Answer 13

include assimilation and accommodation

Question 14

assimilation

Answer 14

knowledge/experience fitting with a schema

Question 15

accommodation

Answer 15

modifying a schema to fit new knowledge

Question 16

piaget’s stages of cognitive development

Answer 16

1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operations, 4. formal operations

Question 17

sensorimotor

Answer 17

experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing, grasping).
object permanence, stranger anxiety, imitation, cause-and-effect

Question 18

object permanence

Answer 18

babies don’t know things exist if they can’t see them. this must develop before the other things of the sensorimotor stage

Question 19

stranger anxiety

Answer 19

need object permanence and difference of faces. “with someone I don’t know, and mom exists! so I cry”

Question 20

Imitation

Answer 20

links to mirror neurons (activate in our actions and seeing other actions)

Question 21

cause and effect

Answer 21

ex: drop a toy and it’ll get picked up… so you do it over and over again

Question 22

preoperational

Answer 22

representing things with words and images, use intuitive rather than logical reasoning.
-language development, pretend play, egocentrism, theory of mind

Question 23

egocentrism

Answer 23

underdeveloped theory of mind “everybody things the same things im thinking”

Question 24

Theory of Mind

Answer 24

awareness that other people have minds other than your own. false belief test.

Question 25

false belief test

Answer 25

how they test for theory of mind––crayon box with candles inside

Question 26

concrete operations

Answer 26

thinking logically about concrete events, grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations.
conservation.

Question 27

conservation

Answer 27

lack of conservation is thinking that changing something’s shape means the amount of it changes

Question 28

formal operations

Answer 28

abstract reasoning.
abstract logic. mature moral reasoning.

Question 29

criticisms of piaget’s theory

Answer 29

borderlines between stages are fuzzy. underestimates the cognitive abilities of kids. doesn’t account for impact of language development and increase in memory capacity.

Question 30

Language Development

Answer 30

0-2months, crying –– 2-4months, cooing –– 4-9months, babbling –– 9-18months, one word phrases ––18m-2.5years, two+ word phrases/short sentences –– 2.5-4years, (telegraphic stage) sentence-like but lack of grammar rules

Question 31

nativist theory

Answer 31

Noam Chomsky. language acquisition device (LAD). biologically prepares infants to learn rules of language through universal grammar

Question 32

behaviorist theory

Answer 32

BF Skinner. language is learned through operant conditioning and imitation.

Question 33

interactionist theory

Answer 33

inner capacities and environment work together: social context is important. there are critical periods for learning language. (combination of nativist and behaviorist)

Question 34

moral development

Answer 34

piaget believed children were unable to make moral judgements until 3-4. kohlberg proposed a new theory based on interviews w/ young boys responding to stories involving moral dilemmas.

Question 35

Kohlberg’s stages of Moral Development

Answer 35

1. preconventional, 2. conventional, 3. postconventional
   most choices do not involve #3
   represent big moral dilemmas, not everyday choices.

Question 36

preconventional

Answer 36

rules are obeyed to avoid punishment. rules are obeyed to earn rewards.

Question 37

conventional

Answer 37

rules are conformed to in order to avoid disapproval and gain approval. social constructs blindly accepted to avoid criticism.

Question 38

postconventional

Answer 38

complex internalized standards. reasoning behind choices matters most.

Question 39

criticisms of kohlberg’s theory

Answer 39

does moral reasoning lead to moral behavior? is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider? does the theory overemphasize western philosophy?

Question 40

gender

Answer 40

one’s maleness or femaleness; socially ascribed characteristics of males and females as opposed to biological characteristics.

Question 41

gender identity

Answer 41

2-3yrs “who am I?” “are you a boy or a girl”

Question 42

gender stereotypes

Answer 42

4yrs, societal aspects of what girl/boy is

Question 43

gender constancy

Answer 43

4yrs, once someone is a boy/girl, they don’t change