T4: Memory / Forgetting

Question 1

Loftus Experiment

Answer 1

Loftus presented a doctored ad for disneyland to subjects including bugs bunny. after, when asked questions, 16% of subjects said they saw bugs and even had stories with him. (creating a false memory)

Question 2

retrieval

Answer 2

process of getting information out of long term memory

Question 3

testing memory

Answer 3

recall, recognition, relearning

Question 4

recall

Answer 4

fill in the blank test: free recall, serial recall, cued recall

Question 5

free recall

Answer 5

“write everything you’ve learned”

Question 6

serial recall

Answer 6

“list the order of the planets”

Question 7

cued recall

Answer 7

hint –> remember it

Question 8

Recognition

Answer 8

ability to identify items previously learned (multiple choice test)

Question 9

Relearning

Answer 9

ability to master previously learned information more quickly than originally learning it

Question 10

recall vs recognition

Answer 10

we can often recognize things that cannot be recalled. recognition is a more sensitive measure of memory than recall.

Question 11

retrieval cues

Answer 11

bits of information we encode while encoding a target piece of information that form a web of associations. (words, context, mood, meaning, schema)

Question 12

priming

Answer 12

(words) activation of particular associations in memory (ex rabbit->concept->hair/hare)

Question 13

context cues

Answer 13

place/space (learn it in the psych room, remember it in the psych room)

Question 14

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 14

retrieval improves when cues available during recall are similar to those present during encoding are similar to those present during encoding. putting yourself back in the context where you experienced something can prime retrieval.

Question 15

state dependent memory

Answer 15

(tired, hungry, stressed, drug states) tendency for information to be better recalled when in the same state as when learned

Question 16

mood dependent memory

Answer 16

(ex: mad at someone, then you remember other times you’ve been angry) same as state dependent memory

Question 17

meaningfulness

Answer 17

the extent to which items elicit associations with existing memories. resides in learner, not material to be learned. (Self reference effect)

Question 18

self reference effect

Answer 18

info relevant to self improves retrieval

Question 19

schema

Answer 19

organized mental representation of the world that is adaptive and formed by experience. retrieval is enhanced when information to be remembered is consistent with prior, existing schemas.

Question 20

novelty

Answer 20

an image (thing) that doesn’t fit with the schema so you’ll remember it. fits with contrast from sensation+perception.

Question 21

rehearsal

Answer 21

saying/seeing things multiple times helps you remember them

Question 22

when do we forget?

Answer 22

encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure/interference, motivated forgetting, amnesia

Question 23

encoding failure

Answer 23

if you don’t encode info properly you won’t retrieve it properly

Question 24

storage decay

Answer 24

Ebbinghaus forgetting curve. encoded memories fade after storage, initially rapid, then levels off with time.