Q7: Sleep and Consciousness

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

state of awareness of ourselves and the world around us

Question 2

Perceptual

Answer 2

awareness of the world around us

Question 3

introspective

Answer 3

awareness of our thoughts, feelings, and perceptions

Question 4

William James

Answer 4

(father of functionalism) consciousness is always changing, very personal experience, continuous, and selective

Question 5

Freud

Answer 5

(psychoanalytic) consciousness has levels: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. (Frued)

Question 6

conscious

Answer 6

part of the mind corresponding to state of present awareness (Frued)

Question 7

preconscious

Answer 7

part of the mind whose contents can be broight into awareness through focused attention (memories) (Frued)

Question 8

unconscious

Answer 8

part of the mind that lies outside the range of ordinary awareness and that holds troubling or unacceptable urges, impulses, memories, and ideas. (dreams) (associations) (Frued)

Question 9

modern thoughts

Answer 9

consciousness shifts throughout the day

Question 10

focused awareness

Answer 10

high awareness, ex: learning a new skill

Question 11

divided consciousness

Answer 11

medium awareness, ex: attention split between activities

Question 12

drifting consciousness

Answer 12

variable awareness, ex: daydreaming, wandering throughts

Question 13

altered states of consciousness

Answer 13

variable awareness, ex: hypnosis, meditation, drug use

Question 14

unconsciousness

Answer 14

low awareness, ex: sleep, coma

Question 15

hypnosis

Answer 15

susceptible to control/changes, suggestability

Question 16

subliminal perception

Answer 16

2 pictures, don’t know why you like one more

Question 17

blindsight

Answer 17

can see but not process what you see

Question 18

meditation

Answer 18

introspection

Question 19

sleep

Answer 19

reduces alertness, awareness, and perception of events around us

Question 20

Devices to measure sleep

Answer 20

EEG (brain), EOG (eyes), EMG(muscles)

Question 21

stage 1

Answer 21

light sleep. 4-5% of night. muscle activity slows, occasional muscle twitching.

Question 22

awake

Answer 22

eeg has alpha waves. can be different levels of awareness

Question 23

stage 2

Answer 23

44-55% of night. slightly deeper sleep. breathing and heart slow. eeg has sleep spindles and k-complexes

Question 24

stage 3

Answer 24

16-21% of night. very deep sleep. rhythmic breathing. limited muscle activity. eeg shows mostly delta waves.

Question 25

REM

Answer 25

20-25% of night, dreaming occurs. muscles are inhibited. heart rate increases and breathing is rapid and shallow. eeg shows fast waves.

Question 26

length of sleep cycle

Answer 26

90 minutes

Question 27

deep sleep in cycle

Answer 27

length of this shortens as the night progresses–start longer

Question 28

rem in cycle

Answer 28

closer to morning. lengthen as night goes on.

Question 29

Dreaming

Answer 29

every person dreams every night
perspectives: psychoanalytic (Freud), cognitive, activation synthesis hypothesis (Hobson)

Question 30

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Answer 30

To types of content: manifest content, latent content

Question 31

Manifest Content

Answer 31

events that occur in dream–summary

Question 32

Latent Content

Answer 32

underlying meaning of the dream

Question 33

circular objects / jewelry

Answer 33

vaginas

Question 34

oblong object / #3

Answer 34

penis + testicles

Question 35

an action that separates a part from its whole

Answer 35

castration

Question 36

an action that resembles sexual behavior

Answer 36

sex

Question 37

anything yellow

Answer 37

urine

Question 38

anything brown: chocolate

Answer 38

feces

Question 39

Cognitive Perspective

Answer 39

dreams help to identify areas of your life that need to be changed, dreams may suggest solutions to real-life problems.

Question 40

Activation Synthesis Theory/Perspective

Answer 40

dreams are activated via psychological mechanisms in the brainstem, mostly the pons
dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of random patterns of neural activity

Question 41

arousal neurons

Answer 41

keep us awake. in the brainstem. ACh, NE, 5-HT, Histamines. Inhibits VLPO.

Question 42

VLPO

Answer 42

puts us to sleep. in the hypothalamus. GABA. Inhibits arousal neurons.

Question 43

Orexin Neurons

Answer 43

in the hypothalamus. activated by signals that keep us awake–cues tell them to signal arousal neurons. sensitive to energy balance/metabolic cues and emotional state.

Question 44

Adenosine levels cycle

Answer 44

adenosine builds up while you are awake and breaks down while you sleep. lowest levels right after you wake up, highest levels right before you sleep.

Question 45

caffeine and adenosine

Answer 45

caffeine bonds to receptors for adenosine and makes us stay awake but causes build up in adenosine so you are more tired when it wears off.

Question 46

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Answer 46

cells in the retina signal to SCN located in the hypothalamus. SCN signals to the pineal gland which releases melatonin.

Question 47

Narcolepsy

Answer 47

falling asleep randomly. lack of orexin neurons or receptors for orexin neurons.

Question 48

Sleep Deprivation

Answer 48

linked to many issues. not enough sleep.

Question 49

Insomniac

Answer 49

inability to fall asleep/stay asleep. more common in women and older people.

Question 50

REM sleep disorder

Answer 50

paralysis doesn’t occur during REM. acting out dreams.

Question 51

Sleep walking/Somnambulism

Answer 51

common in kids. walking and doing other things while in deep sleep. changes/stress/emotion can be triggers.

Question 52

Sleep Apnea

Answer 52

breathing stops while sleeping (in short bursts). can be treated by clearing airway, potentially connected to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Question 53

Sleep Paralysis

Answer 53

loss of muscle control after waking up–stuck paralyzed from REM sleep but awake.