T3: Paroxysms and Synaptic Plasticity Flashcards
Bob Saget is doing stand-up on stage when suddenly, in the crowd, a dog with goggles starts to recognize a behavioral manifestation of Primary Generalized Seizures. Bob Saget mid-routine semi-frequently becomes immobile and stares blankly with subtle facial twitching for a brief period of time. What behavioral manifestation is a dog with goggles recognizing?
A. Clonic B. Tonic C. Opisthotonic D. Absence E. Presence
D. Absence: often brief, frequent, behaviorally unremarkable (immobility, staring, subtle facial twitching). Patient just stares with empty blankness for a period of time, without realizing any time has passed between episodes.
Clonic: repetitive flexion and extension of limbs or trunks. (What most people think of when they visualize a seizure)
Tonic: sustained muscular contractions. Patient would become stiff and rigid due to muscular contractions.
Opisthotonic: sustained hyperposturing of the back, neck, and legs, causing the back of the head to approach the heels.
Presence: made this up. Sorry folks
A small Ca++ influx at a Hippocampal Synapse is due to which time of stimulation? and will elicit which response ? (mm)
A) High Freq, Insert NMDA receptor
B) High Freq, Remove AMPA receptor
C) Low Freq, Insert NMDA receptor
D) Low Freq, Remove AMPA receptor
Answer: D- A low frequency stimulation causes a small Ca++ influx and removes AMPA receptors.
A high frequency stimulation will cause a large Ca++ influx and insert AMPA receptors
The Ampa Receptor in the Hippocampus with subunit ___ will _____ LTP and _____ LTD. Fill in the blanks. (mm)
A) GluR1, Dephosphorylate, Phosphorylate B) GluR2, Phosphorylate, Dephosphorylate C) GluR1, Phosphorylate, Phosphorylate D) GluR2, Dephosphorylate, Phosphorylate E) GluR1, Phosphorylate, Dephosphorylate
Answer: E- In the HIPPOCAMPUS the Ionotropic AMPA Receptor with subunit GluR1 will Phosphorylate LTP and Dephosphorylate LTD.
In the CEREBELLUM the receptor has subunit GluR2 and it will DePhosphorylate LTP and Phosphorylate LTD
Which of the following epileptic potentials are characteristic of infantile spasms? (mm)
A) Spikes B) Sharp Waves C) Hypsarrhythmia D) Sharp and slow waves E) Spikes and waves F) Polyspikes and waves
Answer: C
E- characteristic of absence seizures
Vigabatrin and valproate are two examples of drugs that inhibit which enzyme to prevent the conversion of GABA to succinic semialdehyde? (MG) A. GABA DH B. Succinic semialdehyde DH C. GABA-T D. Mutase
C. GABA-T aka GABA transferase converts GABA to succinic semialdehyde which is further broken down into smaller metabolites via succinic semialdehyde DH
Valproate and vigabatrin are both GABA agonists and prevent this metabolism in order to cause sedation and stop continuous action potential firing as seen in seizures.
Which of the following is used in epilepsy treatment to target sodium channels? (MG) A. Carbamazepine B. Benzodiazepine C. Barbituates D. Vigabatrin
A. Carbamazepine is a Na+ channel blocker
Benzyodiazepines, vigabatrin, and barbituates are GABA agonists.
What type of EEG reading is characteristic of absence seizures? (MG) A. Polyspikes and waves B. Spikes and waves C. Hypsarrhythmia D. Spikes
B. Spikes and waves
Hypsarrhythmia is characteristic of infantile spasms
Patient comes in with showing signs of a “Jacksonian March”. What type of seizure are they having?
A.Complex Partial
B. Simple Partial
C. Primary Generalized
D. Secondary Generalized
RFA
B- A “Jacksonian March” is due to triggering of motor brodmann’s area 4 and is associated with a simple partial seizure
Thomas is a 72 year old man. He is able to tell his grandchildren all about his experience in the war down to the names of every one of his platoon buddies. But Thomas is not able to remember what he did yesterday or had for lunch 5 minutes ago. What type of defect does Thomas have?
A. Loss of engrams
B. Failure in accessing engrams
C. Failure in production of engrams
D. Deficit in retrieval
RFA
C. Failure in production of engrams- he is able to access and recall old memories fine but is not able to make new ones.
Toshori a 10 year old boy runs home from school to watch his favorite show Pokemon. A new episode airs today titled “Cyber Soldier Porygon” during the climax of the episode Ash Ketchum and friends fly through the virtual world on a back of a Porygon as lights flash across the screen. Toshori’s mother walks into the room to find Toshori uncontrollably flexing and extending his body followed by sustained muscular contraction. Which behavioral manifestation of seizures is Toshori demonstrating
A. Infantile Spasm B. Clonic C. Opisthotonic D. Tonic Clonic E. Absence F.Tonic G..Tonic-Clonic-Tonic H. Atonic I.Clonic Tonic
RFA.
ANS. I. Clonic Tonic- Repetitive flexion and extension followed by sustained muscular contraction.
A. Infantile Spasm-Jerk Followed by brief stiffening of body
B. Clonic-Repetitive flexion and extension of the limbs
C. Opisthotonic-Sustained hyper posturing of the back, neck and legs, causing the back of the head to approach the heels
D. Tonic Clonic-Sustained muscular contraction followed by repetitive flexion and extension
E. Absence- brief unremarkable (staring, facial twitching)
F. Tonic-Sustained muscular contraction
G. Tonic-Clonic-Tonic- Sustained muscular contraction followed by repetitive flexion and extension followed by sustained muscular contraction.
H Atonic-Sudden loss of muscle tone
FUN FACT: This is based of a real event in 1997 when the episode of Pokemon “ Cyber Soldier Pokemon” aired in Japan there was so many flashing lights in it it over 700 people suffered seizures.
