T1: Organization of the NS II Flashcards
The diencephalon includes... A. thalamus, CN I B. fourth ventricle, hypothalamus, CN X C. subthalamus, CN V D. third ventricle, CN II, Epithalamus (MG)
D. third ventricle, CN II, epithalamus The diencephalon also includes: hypothalamus, thalamus, subthalamus
Which tract decussates at the lower end of the medulla oblongata? A.Dorsal column B. Rubrospinal tract C. Corticospinal tract D. Medial Lemniscus (MG)
C. Corticospinal/pyramidal tract Clinically significant bc where the corticospinal tract decussates marks the separation between the spinal cord and medulla oblongata. Damage above pyramidal decussaiton = contralateral motor deficits; damage below decussation = ipsilateral motor deficits
What is the embryological origin of the cerebellum? A. Mesencephalon B. Metencephalon C. Myelencephalon D. Telencephalon (MG)
B. Metencephalon
The Lentiform Nuclei consists of what parts? (mm) A) Putnam + Globus Pallidus B) Caudate + Globus Pallidus C) Hippocampus + Globus Pallidus D) Caudate + Putnam E) Amygdala + Caudate
Answer: A- The Lentiform nucleus is apart of the basal ganglia which contains three parts: Caudate, Putnam, and Globus Pallidus. The Lentiform Nucleus its self is made of the Putnam and Globus Pallidus. Caudate + Putnam is the Striatum The Basal Ganglia is a deep grey matter structure. It’s function is to initiate + organize movement and regulate cortical motor activity via the thalamus
A lesion to the the Substanri Nigria would lead to which disorder? (mm)
A) Epilepsy
B) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
C) Parkinson’s
D) Tourettes
E) Trigeminal Neuralgia
Answer: C - That area is the Substantia Nigra. An important motor center in the mid brain. It connects to the basal ganglia. Dopaminergenic cells are lost here in parkinsons disease.
B- Known as ALS or Lou Gehrig’s Disease- Upper and Lower Motor nuerons are being destroyed
E- Trigeminal Neuralgia is a chronic pain disorder that affects cranial nerve V the trigeminal nerve
The Cytoskeleton of an axon is made of ____ and cross linked with ____? (mm)
A) Microtubules, Kinesin
B) Intermediate Filaments, Kinesin
C) Intermediate Filaments, Tau
D) Microtubles, Tau
E) Actin, Dynein
BONUS: Clinical Correlate from the first IMCQ’s
Answer: D- Microtubules and cross linked with Tau
Kinesin is anterograde/orthograde transport
Dynein is retrograde transport
CC: Herpes Zoster enters with dynein but is expressed as shingles in adulys through kinesin
A man is riding his bike and is hit by a truck. He is taking to the ER and it is concluded that the posterior portion of the sensory relay center of his brain is damaged. Which has most likely been damaged.
A. Putnam B. Hippocampus C. Pulvinar D. Dorsal Nuclei E. Red Nucleus
RFA
C. Pulvinar- is the most Posterior Thalamic Nuclei ( the relay center of the brain)
. Putnam- is part of the Basal Ganglia( organization of movement)
. Hippocampus( memory)
. Dorsal Nuclei- part of brain stem involved in taste, respiration and arousal
. Red Nucleus- brain stem involved with motor of upper extremities
A patient comes into your clinic complaining of having a hard time staying awake. After an MRI a melatonin secreting tumor is discovered which area is most likely affected.
A. Pineal Gland
B. Pituitary Gland
C. Subthalamus
D. Amygdala
RFA
A. Pineal Gland- (Diencephalon) secretes melatonin and is associated with sleep wake cycle
Pituitary- (Diencephalon) endocrine
Subthalamus- (Diencephalon) motor regulation
Amygdala-(Telencephalic) emotional behavior
A man suffered from head trauma and now suffer from poor coordination and posture. Where is this portion of the brain located.
A. Anterior Cranial Fossa B. Posterior Cranial Fossa C. Foramen Ovale D. Jugular Foramen E. Foramen Magnum
RFA
B. Posterior Cranial Fossa- the injured area is the Cerebellum and the Cerebellum sits in the Posterior Cranial Fossa.
Anterior Cranial Fossa- houses the Frontal lobe
Foramen Ovale- Exit area of CN5 V3 Trigeminal Mandibular branch
Jugular Foramen- Cranial Nerves IX (Glossopharyngeal), X (Vagus), XI (Spinal Accessory) Exit
Foramen Magnum- Spinal cord, spine CN XI Enters ( Spinal Accessory)
A man abruptly develops placidity and hypersexulaity. Lesions to which of the following structures could likely cause this behavior?
A) Putamen B) Prefrontal Cortex C) Tectum D) Amygdala E) Fornix
FA
D) Amygdala -
The Amygdala’s core function is to regulate emotions and fear. Hyper-sexuality and placidity are symptoms of Klüver–Bucy syndrome. This syndrome comes about with bilateral lesions or removal of the temporal lobe. other symptoms include: Amnesia, visual agnosia, and hyperorality.
Define a Transient Ischemic Attack.
FA
A TIA is an acute loss of cerebral or monocular functions with symptoms lasting less than 24 hours.
A Reversible Ischemic Neurological deficit is one that lasts longer than 24 hours and results in severe loss of brain function.
Which of the following Cranial nerves have autonomic functioning?
A) Vestibulocochlear B) Ocularmotor C) hypoglossal D) Trigeminal E) Optic
FA
B) Ocularmotor nerve controls the pupillary light reflex.
Cranial nerves with autonomic functions also include:
CN VII - Facial
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal
CN X - Vagus
