T3: Neurotransmitters from Amino Acids Flashcards
Which of the following molecules are not considered neurotransmitters?
A) CO B) NO C) Aspartate D) Asparagine E) Glutamine F) Glutamate
FA
D) Asparagine is not considered a neurotransmitter
CO and NO have similar mechanisms by activating cGMP
Glutamate, Glutamine, and Aspartate are peptide neurotransmitters
In a violent rampage, a man runs through the street shouting “KOU A KOU” and “KEK” before decapitating others with a machete. No one is safe from his rampage until the swat team arrives to capture him. He is brought to the hospital in restraints and is psychiatrically evaluated to be hallucinating. you suggest the man has been under the effects of Phencyclidine. By what mechanism does this drug act?
A) Glutamate Agonist B) Glutmate Antagonist C) Epinephrine Agonist D) GABA Antagonist E) Acetylcholine Agonist
FA
B) Phencyclidine (PCP) is a Glutamate NMDA receptor antagnost. It binds within the central pore of the receptor and prevents opening of the pore.
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is a highly processed poly peptide that is cleaved into several different proteins. POMC is a precursor to which of the following neurotransmitters?
A) Endorphin B) Glutamate C) Epinephrine D) AcetylCholine E) Substance P
A) POMC is a precursor for beta-Endorphin, MSH
A patient is treated with a rapidly diffusible neurotransmitter that stimulates protein kinase G. In low concentrations it plays critical roles in memory formation and circadian rhythms. Which of the following matches the description of the neurotransmitter? (mm)
A) Paracrine, Glutamate B) Autocrine, Glycine C) Paracrine, CO D) Paracrine, Dopamine E) Autocrine, NO
Answer: C- Gaseous neurotransmitters were described two of the which are NO (from arginine and nitric oxide synthetase) and CO (from heme oxygenase). They are rapidly diffusible and degradable PARACRINE neurotransmitters that stimulate the synthesis of cGMP and stimulation of PKG. in low concentrations they are neuroprotective and play critical roles in memory formation and circadian rhythms
You are treating your patient with Isoniazid. They start to exhibit peripheral neuropathy. You suspect problems the enzyme catalyzing the formation of y-aminobutyric acid. What is the enzyme having issues? (mm)
A) Glutaminase B) Choline Acetyltransferase C) Glutamate Decarboxylase D) Dopamine B-hydrolase E) Methionine Synthase
Answer: C- Glutamate Decarboxylase. The patient in exhibiting peripheral neuropathy because they cannot synthesize GABA which requires Vit B6. Isoniazid causes B6 deficiency.
A) This is Glutamine > Glutamate
D) requires vit 6
E) requires vit b12 and SAM
A homeless man staggers into the ER claiming that his house is being robbed and he was smashed over the head. Wobbling his way over to the stretcher you can barely understand the words he is slurring. His glucose lvls are 40 and his NADH/NAD+ ratio is high. His vitamin deficiency can be measure with which test? (mm)
A) Transketolase Assay B) PCR C) Immunoassay D) Gel Electrophoresis E) Blood Smear
Answer: A - The patient is clearly drunk and exhibiting confabulation which is indication of an alcoholic and korsakoffs so he will have VITAMIN B1 DEFICIENCY. His low glucose is due to the high NADH ratio stopping gluceoneogensis. he will also present lactic acidemia. TRANSKETOLASE ASSAY IS THE BEST WAY TO TEST FOR B1 DEFICIENCY.
random but from my bsce review u would use an immunoassay to test for graves disease. PCR for specific genes and FISH for chromosome translocations
A g-protein coupled receptor is being studied and it is seen that the administration of B-endorphins has a agonist effect. How is this agonist activity being done?
A. Altering glucokinase activity
B. Altering adenylate kinase activity
C. Altering Protein Kinase activity
D. Altering Guanyl Kinase activity
RFA
B. Altering Adenylate kinase activity
Which is true of regulation of NO.
A. Deactives PKG
B. Is unique to autocrine regulation
C. In high amounts is neuroprotective
D. Alters gene expression
RFA
D. Alters gene expression
Activates PKG
Can acting on neighboring cells (paracrine)
In low amounts is neuroprotective
Formation of SAM requires which of the following molecules? (MG) A. Methionine & methyl-THF B. Acetylcholine & serine C. Phosphotidyl choline & choline D. Acetyl CoA & BHF
A. Methionine & methyl-THF
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) is required for the regeneration of methionine. Methionine and methyl-THF are both required components of SAM synthesis which acts as a methyl donor.
How do you test for a Vitamin B1 deficiency? (MG) A. Blood test: carboxylase assay B. Blood test: transketolase assay C. Urine test: stercobilin presence D. Urine test: glucose presence
B. Blood test: transketolase assay
Advantage to this = minimally invasive blood test
Stercobilin is only ever found in feces, not urine. Presence of glucose in urine can indicate a lot of things, most notably diabetes.
Neurotransmitters that utilize paracrine signaling use what type of transport? (MG) A. Primary active transport B. Secondary active transport C. Diffusion D. ATP-ase pumps
C. Diffusion
NT’s that travel this way include NO and CO. Gases travel via diffusion and thus work via paracrine signaling.
A lab study show a patient lacks a neurotransmitter do to inhibit P-lipid synthesis which neurotransmitter is lacking?
A. Dopamine
B. Acetylcholine
C. Glutamine
D. Glutamate
RFA
B. Acetylcholine is made from choline from the diet or from P-lipid synth.
