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Host and Defense > T-Cell Immunity > Flashcards

T-Cell Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Which antigen presenting cells activate T cells?

A

Dendritic Cells

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2
Q

What are the two types of dendritic cells?

A

1-Conventional dendritic cells

2-Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

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3
Q

Which type of dendritic cells deal with all pathogens, express all TLRs except TLR-9 and prime Naive T cells?

A

Conventional dendritic cells

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4
Q

Which dendritic cell type deals with viruses, expresses TLR-7 and TLR-9 and releases type I interferons?

A

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

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5
Q

Immature dendritic cells in peripheral tissues encounter pathogens and are activated by what?

A

PAMPs

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6
Q

TLR signaling induces expression of what to enhance processing of pathogen-derived antigens?

A

CCR7

*binding of CCL19 and CCL21 by CCR7 target the DC to lymph node

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7
Q

CCR7 directs migration into lymphoid tissues and augments expression of what 2 things?

A
  • Co-stimulatory molecules (B7)

- MHC molecules

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8
Q

Where does the clonal expansion of B and T cells take place?

A

Germinal centers of Lymph nodes

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9
Q

____% of lymphocytes are CD4 T cells, ____% are CD8, ___% are B cells, ___% are NK cells and ____% are NK T cells

A

50, 25, 10, 10, 5

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10
Q

Where are circulating naive T cells exposed to antigens?

A

Lymph nodes

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11
Q

What membrane proteins binds dendritic cell ICAM-1 with low affinity?

A

LFA-1

*allows for subsequent TCR which sends a signal to LFA-1 if binding is good to change conformation and prolong cell-cell contact

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12
Q

LFA-1, ICAM-1 and talin are what kind of molecules?

A

Adhesion molecules

*part of the p-SMAC

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13
Q

TCR, CD2 CD4, CD8, CD28 and PKC-0 are what kind of molecules?

A

Signaling molecules

*part of the c-SMAC

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14
Q

What three signals are required for T cell activation?

A

1-T cell receptor (peptide recognition, MHC I/II, CD8/4)
2-Co-stimulatory molecules (survival signal, B7-CD28 required for activation)
3-Cytokines (paracrine/autocrine, propagation, differentiation and IL-2)

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15
Q

What co-stimulatory binding molecules are required for T cell activation?

A

B7-CD28

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16
Q

Which chemokine drives clonal expansion?

A

IL-2

*Activated T cells express high-affinity IL-2 receptors and secrete IL-2

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17
Q

What binds B7 receptors on T cells to inactivate them?

A

CTLA-4

*binds 20 fold stronger than CD28

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18
Q

What are 4 adhesion molecules of a CD4 T cell?

A

1-L-selectin (resting)
2-VLA-4 (activated
3-LFA-1 (resting, but more so for activated)
4-CD44 (resting, but more so for activated)

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19
Q

Which 3 cell surface molecules are signaling molecules in CD4 T cells?

A

1-CD2
2-CD4
3-TCR

*all in active and resting

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20
Q

Which two cell-surface molecules are proteases in CD4 cells?

A

1-CD45RA (resting)

2-CD45R0 (activated)

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21
Q

Which type of cells do not die once effector function is complete, kill repeatedly, only kill cells expressing targeted peptide via MHC I and differentiate into effector and memory cells?

A

CD8 T cells

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22
Q

What are two ways to activate naive CD8 T cells?

A

1-Dendritic cell infected with virus sends strong signal to stimulate self proliferation through IL-2 production
2-Dendritic cell infected with virus activates CD4 to secrete IL-2 and drive virus specific CD8 to express IL-2 receptors

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23
Q

What are three enzymes used by CD8 T cells to kill?

A

1-Perforin (makes holes)
2-Granzymes (serine proteases, activated caspase mediated apoptosis)
3-Granulysin (antimicrobial)

24
Q

What are 4 roles of Th cells?

A

1-Enhance innate and adaptive immunity
2-Regulatory T cell arm
3-Targeted
4-Direct and indirect effector functions

25
Q

T-Bet transcription factor is the result of interleukin signaling in a naive Th cell and results in the production of which cells?

A

Th1

*cellular mediated immunity. Produce IFN-y

26
Q

GATA-3 transcription factor is the result of interleukin signaling in a naive Th cell and results in the production of which cells?

A

Th2

*Humoral immunity. Produces IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13

27
Q

What 3 factors are involved in differentiation of Th Cells?

A

1-Cytokine induction
2-Transcription factor
3-Effector cytokines (often act in a positive feedback loop)

28
Q

IL-12 are associated with?

A

Macrophages

29
Q

IFN-y are associated with?

A

NK cells

30
Q

IL-4 are associated with?

A

Basophils

31
Q

What are the 5 subtypes of T Helper cells?

A 
1-Th1
2-Th17
3-Th2
4-Tfh
5-T reg
32
Q

Which type of T helper cells activate macrophages and of which IL-12 and IFN-y are characteristic?

A

Th 1 cells

*T-bet transcription factor

33
Q

Which type of T helper cells enhance neutrophil response and of which IL-17 and IL-6 are characteristic?

A

Th 17 Cells

*ROR-yT transcription factor

34
Q

Which type of T helper cells Activate cellular and antibody response to parasites and of which IL-4 and IL-5 are characteristic?

A

Th 2 cells

*GATA3 transcription factor

35
Q

Which type of T helper cells activate B cells maturation of antibody response and of which IL-21 is characteristic?

A

Tfh cells

*Bcl6 transcription factor

36
Q

Which type of T helper cells suppresses other effector T cells and of which TGF-B and IL-10 are characteristic?

A

T regulatory cells

*FoxP3 transcription factor

37
Q

Bacteria stimulating TLR4 or TLR 5 as well as viral stimulation of TLR3, 7, 9 lead to what?

A

IL-12 production and Th1 differentiation (produces IFN-y)

38
Q

Fungi stimulating Dectin-1 leads to what?

A

IL-6 and IL-23 production and Th17 differentiation (produces IL-17)

39
Q

Helminth stimulation of TILR2/1 leads to what?

A

IL-10 production and Th2 differentiation (produces IL-4, 5, and 13)

40
Q

Fungi stimulation of TLR 2/6 leads to what?

A

Il-10, RA and TGF-B production and T reg differentiation (produces IL-10 and TGF-B)

41
Q

Which cells kill virus-infected cells?

A

CD8 Cytotoxic T cells

42
Q

Which cells help macrophages suppress intracellular infections?

A

CD4 Th 1 cells

*Activated macrophages express co-signaling ligands (B7), kill intracellular pathogens, release cytokine and antimicrobial effectors and present antigens

43
Q

Which cells help basophils, mast cells, eosinophils and B cells respond to parasite infections?

A

CD4 Th 2 Cells

44
Q

Which cells help B cells become activated, switch isotope and increase antibody affinity?

A

CD4 Tfh Cells

45
Q

Which cells enhance the neutrophil response to fungal and extracellular bacterial infections?

A

CD4 Th 17 cells

46
Q

Which cells suppress the activities of other effector T-cell populations?

A

CD4 T regulatory cells

47
Q

A compact aggregate of leukocytes that sequester a pathogen and can result in chronic inflammation are called what?

A

Granuloma

*Th 1 cells form granulomas when pathogens cannot be cleared.

48
Q

What does secretion of IFN-y and CD40 by Activated Th1 cells do?

A

Activates macrophages to destroy engulfed bacteria

49
Q

What does secretion of Fas ligand or LT-B by Activated Th1 cells do?

A

Kills chronically infected cells, releasing bacteria to be destroyed by fresh macrophages

50
Q

What does secretion IL-2 by Activated Th1 cells do?

A

Induces T cell proliferation, increasing numbers of effector cells

51
Q

What does secretion of IL-3 and GM-CSF by Activated Th1 cells do?

A

Induces macrophage differentiation in the bone marrow

52
Q

What does secretion of TNF-a and LT-a by Activated Th1 cells do?

A

Activate endothelium to allow macrophage diapedesis at infection site

53
Q

What does secretion CXCL2 by Activated Th1 cells do?

A

Causes macrophages to accumulate at site of infection

54
Q

What do Th 2 cells promote?

A

Tissue protection and repair

*Increase mucus, enterocyte turnover, eosinophil activation, IgE cirulation (parasites), mast cell binding/diarrhea to expel helminths

55
Q

Which cells recruit neutrophils, produce antimicrobial peptides and are involved in tissue repair?

A

Th 17 cells

*Enrich the gut. Persistent Th 17 cells involved in autoimmunity.

Host and Defense (51 decks)

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