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Host and Defense > Cell Response/Cytokines > Flashcards

Cell Response/Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

What are two types of cells that monocytes can turn into?

A

1-Macrophage (phagocytosis, activation of T cells)

2-Dendritic Cells (activation of T cells)

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2
Q

Besides Monocyte derivatives, what are 5 other cells that are part of the innate immune system?

A

1-Natural Killer Cells (kill virally infected cells)
2-Neutrophil (Phagocytosis and killing)
3-Basophil (Parasite response)
4-Eosinophil (kill antibody-coated parasites with granules)
5-Mast Cells (release histamine and other active agents)

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3
Q

What are the two types of patterns recognized by innate immune cells?

A

1-Extracellular (cell surface)

2-Intracellular (cell surface changes as a result of viral infection)

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4
Q

With the exception of toll like receptors, what is the result of binding a macrophage receptor?

A

Phagocytosis

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5
Q

What are the 3 main phagocytic cells?

A

1-Macrophages
2-Neutrophils
3-Dendritic cells

*create phagosome after ingesting bacteria to kill and digest with a lysosome

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6
Q

What are the 4 tissues that contain resident macrophages and their respective names?

A

1-Brain: microglia
2-Bone: osteoclasts
3-Liver: Kupffer cells
4-Skin: langerhan cells

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7
Q

What are three effector mechanisms of macrophages?

A

1-Phagocytosis
2-Cytokine release
3-Degranulation

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8
Q

Do macrophage or neutrophil produces use defensins, and lactoferrin in addition to other mechanisms to kill pathogens?

A

Neutrophils

*Both however, are acidic, use toxic oxygen species, nitric oxide, cathelicidin, and lysozyme to break down the pathogens

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9
Q

What do Toll-like receptors do?

A

Activate macrophages

*some are expressed on the outer membrane and some are inside on the nuclear envelope

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10
Q

TLR1 binds with TLR2 to form a heterodimer that recognizes what two things?

A
  • lipopeptides
  • glycosylphosphaidylinositol

*from bacteria and parasites, found on plasma membranes

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11
Q

TLR2 binds to TLR6 to form a heterodimer that recognizes what two things?

A
  • Lipoteichoic acid
  • Zymosan

*from G(+) bacteria and fungi, found on plasma membrane

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12
Q

TLR4 make a homodimer and recognizes what?

A

Lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria

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13
Q

TLR7 and TLR8 make a homodimers and recognize what?

A

Single-stranded RNA from RNA viruses

*found on endosomes

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14
Q

TLR9 form homodimers and recognize what?

A

unmethylated CpG-rich DNA in viruses and bacteria

*found on endosome

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15
Q

TLR3 forms a homodimer and recognizes what?

A

Double-stranded viral RNA in RNA viruses

*found on endosome

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16
Q

TLR5 forms a homodimer and recognizes what?

A

Flagellin on bacteria

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17
Q

TLR signaling initiates cytokine production through what?

A

NF-kB production

*is a transcription factor

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18
Q

What do NOD (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains) degrade?

A

Antigens

*mainly degraded bacterial fragments, induce cytokine expression and release

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19
Q

What do inflammasomes do?

A

Activate and promote cytokine release

*acts as a regulatory step

20
Q

Predominantly paracrine and autocrine, what molecules are the signals of the immune system?

A

Cytokines

21
Q

What are the 6 basic families of cytokines based on morphology?

A 
1-Class I
2-Class II
3-Interleukin 1
4-Interleukin 17
5-Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
6-Chemokines
22
Q

In the JAK-STAT pathway, what does an activated JAK (tyrosine kinase) phosphorylate?

A

STAT

*SH2 region of STAT then dimerizes with another phosphorylated STAT and then head to the nucleus to induce transcription

23
Q

What are the 5 inflammatory cytokines released by macrophages?

A 
1-IL-1B
2-TNF-a
3-IL-6
4-CXCL8
5-IL-12
24
Q

Which inflammatory cytokine activates vascular epithelium and lymphocytes, causes local tissue destruction, increases access of effector cells and induces fever and IL-6 production?

A

IL-1B

25
Q

Which inflammatory cytokine activates vascular endothelium, increases vascular permeability (leading to increase entry of IgG, complement, and cells) and induces fever, mobilizes metabolites and causes shock is systemic?

A

TNF-a

26
Q

Which inflammatory cytokine activates lymphocytes, increases antibody production and induces fever, as well as acute-phase protein production in the liver?

A

IL-6

27
Q

Which inflammatory cytokine is a chemotactic that recruits neutrophils, basophils and T cells?

A

CXCL8

28
Q

Which inflammatory cytokine activates NK cells and induces differentiation of CD4 T cells into Th1 cells?

A

IL-12

29
Q

Which three acute phase proteins function to recognize pathogens?

A

1-C-reactive protein
2-Mannose-binding lectin
3-Lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins

30
Q

Which Acute-phase proteins are for pathogen elimination?

A

Complement C3, C4, C9 and factor B

31
Q

Which acute phase proteins are for inflammatory response?

A

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, serum amyloid A, Secreted phospholipase A2

32
Q

Which acute-phase proteins are for coagulation?

A

Fibrinogen, plasminogen, tissue plasminogen factor

33
Q

Extravasation depends on what three things?

A

1-Chemokines (chemoattractants)
2-Adhesion molecules (tethers leukocytes)
3-Proteases (open basement membrane, MMP/elastase)

34
Q

What is the primary cell of the induced response?

A

Neutrophils

35
Q

What are 4 effector mechanisms of neutrophils?

A

1-Phagocytosis
2-Degranulation
3-Extracellular traps
4-Cytokine release

36
Q

Neutrophils contain what 4 types of granules?

A

1-Azurophil
2-Specific
3-Gelatinase
4-Secretory

37
Q

The azurophilic and specific granules that fuse with phagosomes in neutrophils cause what to happen?

A

Increase pH and kill bacterium through superoxide and hydrogen peroxide known as oxidative burst

38
Q

After the neutrophil undergoes oxidative burst and degrades the bacterium what happens?

A

undergoes apoptosis and is phagocytose by macrophage

39
Q

Resident in tissue, what phagocytic derivatives on monocytes process pathogens into antigens to be presented to lymphocytes, regulate cytokines and initiate adaptive immunity?

A

Dendritic cells

40
Q

What response do viruses cause?

A

Interferon

*IFN-a and IFN-B and cause stress signals to NK cells

41
Q

INF-a, IFN-B, IFN-E, IFN-k, and IFN-w are all what type of interferon?

A

Type I

42
Q

IFN-y is what type of interferon?

A

Type II

43
Q

INF-‘\ is what type of interferon?

A

Type III

44
Q

Made of multiple subtypes, what cells are large cytotoxic lymphocytes that target and kill diseased self cells by responding to interferons, MHC class I and unique stress ligands?

A

Natural Killer Cells

*regulate the shift from induced innate to adaptive immune response

45
Q

How do macrophages and NK cells work together?

A

Macrophages activated by viral infection form a conjugate pair with NK cells to activate proliferation in them. NK cells secrete IFN-y which increases macrophage activation

46
Q

What happens when NK cells are abundant and outnumber the dendritic cells that drove their activation?

A

NK cells can kill the dendritic cells

Host and Defense (51 decks)

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