Cell Response/Cytokines Flashcards
What are two types of cells that monocytes can turn into?
1-Macrophage (phagocytosis, activation of T cells)
2-Dendritic Cells (activation of T cells)
Besides Monocyte derivatives, what are 5 other cells that are part of the innate immune system?
1-Natural Killer Cells (kill virally infected cells)
2-Neutrophil (Phagocytosis and killing)
3-Basophil (Parasite response)
4-Eosinophil (kill antibody-coated parasites with granules)
5-Mast Cells (release histamine and other active agents)
What are the two types of patterns recognized by innate immune cells?
1-Extracellular (cell surface)
2-Intracellular (cell surface changes as a result of viral infection)
With the exception of toll like receptors, what is the result of binding a macrophage receptor?
Phagocytosis
What are the 3 main phagocytic cells?
1-Macrophages
2-Neutrophils
3-Dendritic cells
*create phagosome after ingesting bacteria to kill and digest with a lysosome
What are the 4 tissues that contain resident macrophages and their respective names?
1-Brain: microglia
2-Bone: osteoclasts
3-Liver: Kupffer cells
4-Skin: langerhan cells
What are three effector mechanisms of macrophages?
1-Phagocytosis
2-Cytokine release
3-Degranulation
Do macrophage or neutrophil produces use defensins, and lactoferrin in addition to other mechanisms to kill pathogens?
Neutrophils
*Both however, are acidic, use toxic oxygen species, nitric oxide, cathelicidin, and lysozyme to break down the pathogens
What do Toll-like receptors do?
Activate macrophages
*some are expressed on the outer membrane and some are inside on the nuclear envelope
TLR1 binds with TLR2 to form a heterodimer that recognizes what two things?
- lipopeptides
- glycosylphosphaidylinositol
*from bacteria and parasites, found on plasma membranes
TLR2 binds to TLR6 to form a heterodimer that recognizes what two things?
- Lipoteichoic acid
- Zymosan
*from G(+) bacteria and fungi, found on plasma membrane
TLR4 make a homodimer and recognizes what?
Lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria
TLR7 and TLR8 make a homodimers and recognize what?
Single-stranded RNA from RNA viruses
*found on endosomes
TLR9 form homodimers and recognize what?
unmethylated CpG-rich DNA in viruses and bacteria
*found on endosome
TLR3 forms a homodimer and recognizes what?
Double-stranded viral RNA in RNA viruses
*found on endosome
TLR5 forms a homodimer and recognizes what?
Flagellin on bacteria
TLR signaling initiates cytokine production through what?
NF-kB production
*is a transcription factor
What do NOD (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains) degrade?
Antigens
*mainly degraded bacterial fragments, induce cytokine expression and release
What do inflammasomes do?
Activate and promote cytokine release
*acts as a regulatory step
Predominantly paracrine and autocrine, what molecules are the signals of the immune system?
Cytokines
What are the 6 basic families of cytokines based on morphology?
1-Class I 2-Class II 3-Interleukin 1 4-Interleukin 17 5-Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) 6-Chemokines
In the JAK-STAT pathway, what does an activated JAK (tyrosine kinase) phosphorylate?
STAT
*SH2 region of STAT then dimerizes with another phosphorylated STAT and then head to the nucleus to induce transcription
What are the 5 inflammatory cytokines released by macrophages?
1-IL-1B 2-TNF-a 3-IL-6 4-CXCL8 5-IL-12
Which inflammatory cytokine activates vascular epithelium and lymphocytes, causes local tissue destruction, increases access of effector cells and induces fever and IL-6 production?
IL-1B
Which inflammatory cytokine activates vascular endothelium, increases vascular permeability (leading to increase entry of IgG, complement, and cells) and induces fever, mobilizes metabolites and causes shock is systemic?
TNF-a
Which inflammatory cytokine activates lymphocytes, increases antibody production and induces fever, as well as acute-phase protein production in the liver?
IL-6
Which inflammatory cytokine is a chemotactic that recruits neutrophils, basophils and T cells?
CXCL8
Which inflammatory cytokine activates NK cells and induces differentiation of CD4 T cells into Th1 cells?
IL-12
Which three acute phase proteins function to recognize pathogens?
1-C-reactive protein
2-Mannose-binding lectin
3-Lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins
Which Acute-phase proteins are for pathogen elimination?
Complement C3, C4, C9 and factor B
Which acute phase proteins are for inflammatory response?
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, serum amyloid A, Secreted phospholipase A2
Which acute-phase proteins are for coagulation?
Fibrinogen, plasminogen, tissue plasminogen factor
Extravasation depends on what three things?
1-Chemokines (chemoattractants)
2-Adhesion molecules (tethers leukocytes)
3-Proteases (open basement membrane, MMP/elastase)
What is the primary cell of the induced response?
Neutrophils
What are 4 effector mechanisms of neutrophils?
1-Phagocytosis
2-Degranulation
3-Extracellular traps
4-Cytokine release
Neutrophils contain what 4 types of granules?
1-Azurophil
2-Specific
3-Gelatinase
4-Secretory
The azurophilic and specific granules that fuse with phagosomes in neutrophils cause what to happen?
Increase pH and kill bacterium through superoxide and hydrogen peroxide known as oxidative burst
After the neutrophil undergoes oxidative burst and degrades the bacterium what happens?
undergoes apoptosis and is phagocytose by macrophage
Resident in tissue, what phagocytic derivatives on monocytes process pathogens into antigens to be presented to lymphocytes, regulate cytokines and initiate adaptive immunity?
Dendritic cells
What response do viruses cause?
Interferon
*IFN-a and IFN-B and cause stress signals to NK cells
INF-a, IFN-B, IFN-E, IFN-k, and IFN-w are all what type of interferon?
Type I
IFN-y is what type of interferon?
Type II
INF-‘\ is what type of interferon?
Type III
Made of multiple subtypes, what cells are large cytotoxic lymphocytes that target and kill diseased self cells by responding to interferons, MHC class I and unique stress ligands?
Natural Killer Cells
*regulate the shift from induced innate to adaptive immune response
How do macrophages and NK cells work together?
Macrophages activated by viral infection form a conjugate pair with NK cells to activate proliferation in them. NK cells secrete IFN-y which increases macrophage activation
What happens when NK cells are abundant and outnumber the dendritic cells that drove their activation?
NK cells can kill the dendritic cells
