Pathology and Response to Stress

Question 1

Lack of circulation to a tissue results in a condition called?

Answer 1

Ischemia

Question 2

Lack of oxygen to a tissue results in a condition called?

Answer 2

Hypoxia

Question 3

An increase in cell size, not number is called?

Answer 3

Hypertrophy

Question 4

Cell shrinkage or loss can be caused by lack of hormonal signals, loss of innervation, lack of use or blood supply, or blood supply and is called?

Answer 4

Atrophy

Question 5

Fatty atrophy is also referred to as?

Answer 5

Cachexia

Question 6

Increased number of cells is called?

Answer 6

Hyperplasia

Question 7

Replacement of one cell type by another is called?

Answer 7

Metaplasia

Question 8

Disordered hyperplasia without maturation is called?

Answer 8

Dysplasia

Question 9

What are two types of cells that are most prone to injury?

Answer 9

1-High metabolic activity (cardiac myocytes, renal tubular cells, hepatocytes)
2-Rapidly proliferating (testicular germ cells, intestinal epithelium, hematopoietic cells)

Question 10

What are two types of irreversible cell death?

Answer 10

1-Apoptosis (programmed cell death)

2-Necrosis (uncontrolled cell death)

Question 11

What is the main gene that mediates apoptosis?

Answer 11

P53

Question 12

What cascade pathway is the most common lead to apoptosis?

Answer 12

Caspase cascade

Question 13

Swelling cells with membrane disruption, Ca+ signal, deeper red cytoplasm (loss of mRNA) and cells in clusters are typical of what type of cell death?

Answer 13

Necrosis

*Gangrene is an example when it is in a whole anatomic area

Question 14

What are three possible nuclear changes in cell death?

Answer 14

1-Karyolysis (digested, pale nucleus)
2-Nuclear pyknosis (Shriveled, dark)
3-Karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation)

Question 15

What are 6 patterns of necrosis?

Answer 15

1-Coagulative (with ischemia, makes infarct)
2-Liquefactive (loss of substance as in brain or lung)
3-Fat necrosis
4-Caseous necrosis (necrotizing granulomas)
5-Gangrnous necrosis (whole anatomic area)
6-FIbrinoid necrosis

Question 16

Always pathogenic, acute inflammation, large groups of dying cells, cell swelling, early cell membrane disruption and injury induced uncoordinated death is typical of what?

Answer 16

Necrosis

Question 17

A normal phenomenon, what process has no inflammation, usually one cell at a time, nuclear pyknosis, activation of caspase cascade and is programmed?

Answer 17

Apoptosis

Question 18

Lipid filled macrophages, called foam cells can lead to what?

Answer 18

Cholesterolosis of gall bladder

Question 19

Lysosomal accumulation of lipid is called what?

Answer 19

Gaucher disease

Question 20

What are 3 types of brown storage products?

Answer 20

1-Lipofuscin (degraded lipid in lysosomes)
2-Billirubin (hemoglobin byproduct)
3-Hemosiderin (iron containing)

Question 21

What are two types of intracellular protein storage?

Answer 21

1-a-antitrypsin deficiency

2-Russell bodies in plasma cells (large deposits of immunoglobulin in plasma cell cytoplasm)

Question 22

What are two types of extracellular protein storage?

Answer 22

1-Amyloid (beta pleated sheet protein accumulation)

2-Fibrosis (scars)

Question 23

Mostly in and near lungs, accumulation of carbon pigment is called what?

Answer 23

Anthracosis

*coal workers lung

Question 24

What are the two types of calcification?

Answer 24

1-Dystrophic calcification (damaged tissue)

2-Metastatic calcification (normal tissue)