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Host and Defense > Mycology/Mycobacteriology > Flashcards

Mycology/Mycobacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 components are typical of fungal cell wall?

A

1-Mannan
2-Glucan
3-Chitin

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2
Q

Single cells that grow in a creamy mucoid colony and are facultative anaerobes are what?

A

Yeast

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3
Q

Multicellular filamentous (hyphae and mycelium) fuzzy colonies that are obligate aerobes are likely what?

A

Mold

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4
Q

Ture hyphae or germ tubes are __________ whereas pseudohyphea are ________ tubes.

A

continuous, segmented

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5
Q

Hyphae with dark lines delineating each segment are called?

A

Septate hypha (aspergillus sp.)

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6
Q

What are the two kinds of reproduction?

A
  • Asexual/anamorph (budding or conidia)

- Sexual/teleomorph (spores possible)

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7
Q

Fungi that are a mold at one temp (25-30 C) and yeast at another (35-37 C) are called what?

A

Dimorphic fungi

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8
Q

What are the 3 main groups of pathogenic fungi?

A

1-Dimorphic
2-opportunistic
3-cutaneous

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9
Q

What are two important opportunistic fungi?

A
  • Candida Spp

- Rhizopus Spp

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10
Q

What are 5 risk factors for fungal infections?

A

1-Immunocompromised
2-Premature infants
3-Critically ill/hospitalized
4-Travelers and residents of endemic areas
5-Direct contact with animals/infected materials

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11
Q

What are the 3 common methods for direct specimen diagnostic testing?

A

1-Direct microscopy
2-Culture
3-Histopathology

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12
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Direct microscopy diagnosis?

A
  • Fast and cheap

- Insensitive

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13
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Culture diagnosis?

A
  • Gold standard from sterile body site
  • Allows genus/species level of ID
  • Delayed results
  • Difficult to obtain
  • insensitive
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14
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages for histopathology diagnosis?

A

-Gold standard for invasive disease

  • Difficult to obtain
  • not species specific
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15
Q

What are two current methods for identification starting with a pure culture?

A

1-Proteomic identification (MALDI)

2-Targeted gene sequencing

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16
Q

What are the two most common Candida species?

A

C. Albicans

C. Glabrata

17
Q

What are three most common species that cause mucormycosis?

A

1-Mucor
2-Rhizopus
3-Rhizomucor

*Thrive in high glucose and acidic environment

18
Q

Bacilli that are obligate aerobes with mycolic acid in their cell wall are called what?

A

Mycobacteria

*cell wall is high lipid and is waxy

19
Q

What is the most common/important mycolic acid in mycobacteria?

A

lipoarabinomannan

20
Q

What stain involves binding carbol fuchsin dye that is resistant to decolorization by acid?

A

Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB)

*M. Tuberculosis

21
Q

What are the three most common mycobacteria?

A

1-M. Tuberculosis
2-M. Bovis
3-M Bovis Baville calmette-Guerin (BCG)

22
Q

What is an example of a special grower? One that cannot be grown in lab?

A

M. Leprae (leprosy)

23
Q

Rapid growers take how long to grow?

A

3-5 days

24
Q

What is a common way for Mycobacterium tuberculosis to be transmitted?

A

respiratory route through aerosolized particles (Sneezing, coughing, breathing)

25
Q

What are the 3 types of MTB infections?

A
  • Primary
  • Latent
  • Reactivated
26
Q

What are the two categories of those at high risk for developing TB?

A

1-Increased exposure to TB disease (Health care, prisons, drug users, immigrants)
2-Clinical conditions increasing risk of progression (AIDS, transplant,

27
Q

Two step TB testing is done why?

A

To take advantage of the booster effect. First test may just “prime” immune system to respond the second second time if previous exposed

28
Q

Blood test to check for TB measure what?

A

Interferon-Gamma release in samples exposed to antigen

29
Q

What are 3 main clinical features of tuberculosis?

A

1-Cough with sputum
2-Shortness of breathe (dypsnea)
3-Fever/weight loss (action of IL-1 and TNF-a)

30
Q

What are three common ways of collecting a specimen for diagnosis?

A

1-Respiratory sample (morning sputa, gastric aspirate)
2-Sterile tissue/body fluid (CSF, Bone, Pleural fluid)
3-Urine if Urinary tract disease signs

31
Q

What are 4 methods to identify tuberculosis in the specimen?

A

1-AFB stain
2-PCR
3-Broth-based culture
4-Agar-based culture

32
Q

What are the four Runyon groups of non tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM)?

A

1-Photochromogens
2-Scotochromogens
3-Nonchromogenic
4-Rapid Growers

33
Q

What characterizes a photochromogen?

A
  • slow growth
  • yellow-orange pigment in light
  • M. Kansasii, M. Marinum (fish tank pathogen)
34
Q

What characterizes a Scotochromogen?

A
  • slow growth
  • Yellow-orange pigment in light or dark
  • M Scrofulacium (swamp water)
35
Q

What characterizes a Nonchromogenic

A
  • slow growth
  • no pigment
  • M. Avium-intracellulare
36
Q

What characterizes a rapid grower?

A
  • colony in 5 days
  • no pigment
  • M. Fortuitum, M. Chelonae-abscessus
37
Q

Rapid growers are common of what type of infection?

A

Skin and soft tissue such as in cystic fibrosis or lung transplant

38
Q

Lepromatous leprosy is ________ whereas tuberculoid leprosy is ______________

A

Widespread, well demarcated lesions

39
Q

MTB and leprosy are spread _______ to _________ whereas NTM are contracted due to __________ exposure

A

Person, person, environmental

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