Lower Respiratory Infection Flashcards
What three components make up the triad of infectious disease?
1-Host (Defenses/immunities)
2-Environment (Occupation, travel etc.)
3-Pathogen (Bacteria, fungi, mycobacteria etc)
Usually Community acquired, measured in hours to days, with onset of chills, fever and wet cough, pleura pain on inspiration, is characteristic of what?
Typical Acute Pneumonia (caused most often by Streptococcus Pneumoniae, H. influenza until vaccination was developed)
When is viral pneumonia often seen?
in children and during influenza epidemics
What histological change can happen in lobar pneumonia?
Lung “hepatization”. Alveoli fill with neutrophils making it look like liver tissue
Where do bacteria that typically cause pneumonia come from?
The normal flora from naso and oropharynx get down into the lungs
What are the two categories of Atypical acute pneumonia?
1-Walking pneumonia
2-Enviornmentally acquired acute pneumonias
*Potentially fatal and require non-beta-lactam antibiotics
Walking pneumonia is primarily associated with what two organisms?
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae (AFB)
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae (G-)
Environmentally acquired acute pneumonias are associated with what three organisms?
1-Legionella pneumophilia (G-, legionnaires disease)
2-Coxiella burnetii (G-, Q fever from cow placenta)
3-Chlamydophila psittaci (G-, parakeets and parrots)
A form of necrotizing pneumonia caused by oropharyngeal flora, community acquired gram positives/anaerobes or hospital acquired gram negatives (s Aureus), are referred to as what?
Aspiration pneumonia
*can happen in a state of stupor, coma or seizure
What four the categories of oral anaerobic bacteria?
1-Gram positive cocci (peptostreptococcus)
2-Gram-positive bacilli (actinomyces, eubacterium, leptotrichia)
3-Gram negative cocci (Veillonella)
4-Gram-negative bacilli (Fusobacterium, prevotella, porphyromonas)
What is characteristic of a pulmonary actinomycosis?
- oral flora
- penetrating infection (organism knows no tissue barrier)
- long term treatment (6-12 months)
- penicillin or clindamycin treatment
Viral pneumonias are more common in ________ and rare in _________
children, adults
The spread of infection into potential space between parietal and visceral pleura is called what?
Empyema- requires drainage as part of management
How is acute pneumonia managed?
- Microbiological diagnosis not always possible
- Typically pathogens are known so broad-spectrum antibiotics typically work
Disease lasting weeks to months, with no empiric treatment requiring a bronchoscopy or pun biopsy to diagnose is referred to as what?
Chronic pneumonia
*Can be caused by bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, protozoa and others
