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Geography > Space and Place SG3a > Flashcards

Space and Place SG3a Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Quality of Life

A

The sense of well being, it is difficult to measure and a personal view of what people value in life

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2
Q

Is quality of life quantitative or qualitative?

A

Qualitative

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3
Q

Define Standard of Living

A

Linked to the material possessions and wealth

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4
Q

Is standard of living quantitative or qualitative?

A

Quantitative

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5
Q

Define Social Inequality

A

Where there are differences in opportunities and rewards for different groups of people in a population

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6
Q

Regarding social inequality, what seven indices might people have unequal access to?

A

Education, employment, housing, healthcare, gender, ethnicity, sexuality

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7
Q

Define Multiple Deprivation

A

The lagging behind of members of society in a number of related aspects of life

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8
Q

What is the Cycle of Deprivation?

A

Poverty = Poor living conditions = Ill health = Poor education = Poor skills = Poverty

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9
Q

What is the cycle of deprivation known as?

A

A positive feedback cycle

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10
Q

Define Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)

A

A UK government qualitative study of deprived areas in English local councils based on seven factors

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11
Q

What are the seven factors of the Index of Multiple Deprivation?

A

Living environment, Income, Employment, Health, Education, Crime, Access to housing and services

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12
Q

What does IMD rank?

A

Every LSOA (Lower Super Output Area) in England from 1 (most deprived) to 32,844 (least deprived)

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13
Q

How are deprivation deciles calculated?

A

By ranking the 32,844 small areas in England from most to least deprived and dividing them into 10 groups

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14
Q

If an area has a deprivation decile of 1 it falls among…

A

The most deprived 10% of LSOAs nationally

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15
Q

If an area has a deprivation decile of 10 it represents…

A

The least deprived 10% of LSOAs nationally

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16
Q

Aspley is covered by 2 LSOAs. What are their IMD ranks?

A

1766 and 8779

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17
Q

Aspley is covered by 2 LSOAs. What are their IMD Deciles?

A

1 and 3

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18
Q

What is Threlkeld’s IMD rank?

A

15090

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19
Q

What is Threlkeld’s IMD Decile?

A

5

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20
Q

What are six data sources that measure spatial variations in social inequality?

A

Housing tenure, Literacy levels, Absolute poverty, Relative poverty, Gini coefficient, Informal and formal employment sector

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21
Q

Define Housing Tenure

A

Describes the legal status under which people have the right to occupy their accommodation

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22
Q

Define Literacy Levels

A

The % who are able to read and write

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23
Q

Define Absolute Poverty

A

The minimum level of income necessary to achieve an adequate standard of living in a given country

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24
Q

What has the World Bank set the international poverty line at?

A

Less than $1.25 a day PPP

25
Q

Define Relative Poverty

A

Income or resources in relation to the average, It is Concerned with the absence of the materials needed to participate fully in active daily life

26
Q

Define The Gini Coefficient

A

Measures income inequalities within countries based on a numerical scale of 0 to 1

27
Q

A Gini Coefficient closer to 0 means…

A

More equal income distribution

28
Q

A Gini Coefficient closer to 1 means…

A

Less equal income distribution

29
Q

Define Informal Sector

A

The parts of the economy outside official recognition and record

30
Q

Define Formal Sector

A

People who are employed or self employed and who pay income tax to the government

31
Q

What are five factors influencing special variations in social inequality?

A

Income/wealth, Housing, Education, Heath care/Access to services, Employment

32
Q

Define Human Development Index (HDI)

A

A statistic used to rank countries by their level of ‘human development’

33
Q

What three things are the HDI based on?

A

GDP per capita, Life expectancy, Education

34
Q

A HDI closer to 0 means…

A

Low development

35
Q

A HDI closer to 1 means…

A

High development

36
Q

Define Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A

The value of all goods and services produced by a country in a year

37
Q

Define Gross National Product (GNP)

A

The GDP of a country plus any money that has been earned by investment abroad

38
Q

Define Employment Structure

A

The proportion of people employed in three key economic sectors - primary, secondary and tertiary

39
Q

Define Primary Sector

A

Economic activities that produce food, fuel and raw materials e.g. agriculture

40
Q

Define Secondary Sector

A

Economic activities involving manufacturing industries e.g. processing raw materials

41
Q

Define Tertiary Sector

A

Economic activities providing services e.g. education

42
Q

Define Global Shift

A

The locational movement of manufacturing industry and more recently the some parts of the tertiary sector (e.g. call centres) from ACs to EDCs and LIDCs from the 1970s onwards

43
Q

Define New International Division of Labour

A

The reorganisation of production at the global scale, as a result of deindustrialisation in ACs and the global spread of TNCs

44
Q

What are four positive impacts of global shift on ACs?

A

Cheaper labour costs, Cheap land and falling wages, Improved environmental quality, Creation of more relevant/efficient/productive industries

45
Q

What is a negative impact of global shift on ACs?

A

As manufacturing has moved overseas, the old manufacturing regions in the UK and other Westernised countries have suffered from deindustrialisation

46
Q

What are three positive impacts of global shift on EDCs and LIDCs?

A

Growth of labour intensive manufacturing, Higher export generated income, Reduction in negative trade balance

47
Q

What are three negative impacts of global shift on EDCs and LIDCs?

A

Over-dependence on a narrow economic base, Growth of inequality between rural and urban regions, Environmental issues

48
Q

Define Rationalisation

A

Make a company, process or industry more efficient, especially by dispensing with superfluous personnel or equipment

49
Q

What are five Government Policies aimed at tackling social inequality in the UK?

A

Taxation, Subsidies, Planning, Law, Education

50
Q

Define Comparative Advantage

A

The principal that countries or regions benefit from specialising in an economic activity in which they are relatively more efficient or skilled

51
Q

Define Deprivation

A

When an individual’s wellbeing falls below a level that is generally regarded as a reasonable minimum for Britain today

52
Q

Define Deindustrialisation

A

The decline in the importance of manufacturing in the economy of a country or region

53
Q

Define Economic Restructuring

A

The change in proportions of people working in various economic sectors

54
Q

Define Globalisation

A

The increasing connectedness between different parts of the world culturally, economically and politically

55
Q

Define Negative Multiplier Effect

A

Generated by decline in economic activity which results in a chain reaction of events further decreasing economic activity

56
Q

Define Positive Multiplier Effect

A

new or expanding economic activity in an area stimulates further economic growth

57
Q

Define Spatial Inequality

A

The variation in inequality from place to place e.g. between areas or countries

58
Q

Define Transnational Corporations (TNCs)

A

A large company with factories and offices in more than one country, which markets products and services worldwide

Geography (40 decks)

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