Space and Place SG3a Flashcards
Define Quality of Life
The sense of well being, it is difficult to measure and a personal view of what people value in life
Is quality of life quantitative or qualitative?
Qualitative
Define Standard of Living
Linked to the material possessions and wealth
Is standard of living quantitative or qualitative?
Quantitative
Define Social Inequality
Where there are differences in opportunities and rewards for different groups of people in a population
Regarding social inequality, what seven indices might people have unequal access to?
Education, employment, housing, healthcare, gender, ethnicity, sexuality
Define Multiple Deprivation
The lagging behind of members of society in a number of related aspects of life
What is the Cycle of Deprivation?
Poverty = Poor living conditions = Ill health = Poor education = Poor skills = Poverty
What is the cycle of deprivation known as?
A positive feedback cycle
Define Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)
A UK government qualitative study of deprived areas in English local councils based on seven factors
What are the seven factors of the Index of Multiple Deprivation?
Living environment, Income, Employment, Health, Education, Crime, Access to housing and services
What does IMD rank?
Every LSOA (Lower Super Output Area) in England from 1 (most deprived) to 32,844 (least deprived)
How are deprivation deciles calculated?
By ranking the 32,844 small areas in England from most to least deprived and dividing them into 10 groups
If an area has a deprivation decile of 1 it falls among…
The most deprived 10% of LSOAs nationally
If an area has a deprivation decile of 10 it represents…
The least deprived 10% of LSOAs nationally
Aspley is covered by 2 LSOAs. What are their IMD ranks?
1766 and 8779
Aspley is covered by 2 LSOAs. What are their IMD Deciles?
1 and 3
What is Threlkeld’s IMD rank?
15090
What is Threlkeld’s IMD Decile?
5
What are six data sources that measure spatial variations in social inequality?
Housing tenure, Literacy levels, Absolute poverty, Relative poverty, Gini coefficient, Informal and formal employment sector
Define Housing Tenure
Describes the legal status under which people have the right to occupy their accommodation
Define Literacy Levels
The % who are able to read and write
Define Absolute Poverty
The minimum level of income necessary to achieve an adequate standard of living in a given country
What has the World Bank set the international poverty line at?
Less than $1.25 a day PPP
Define Relative Poverty
Income or resources in relation to the average, It is Concerned with the absence of the materials needed to participate fully in active daily life
Define The Gini Coefficient
Measures income inequalities within countries based on a numerical scale of 0 to 1
A Gini Coefficient closer to 0 means…
More equal income distribution
A Gini Coefficient closer to 1 means…
Less equal income distribution
Define Informal Sector
The parts of the economy outside official recognition and record
Define Formal Sector
People who are employed or self employed and who pay income tax to the government
What are five factors influencing special variations in social inequality?
Income/wealth, Housing, Education, Heath care/Access to services, Employment
Define Human Development Index (HDI)
A statistic used to rank countries by their level of ‘human development’
What three things are the HDI based on?
GDP per capita, Life expectancy, Education
A HDI closer to 0 means…
Low development
A HDI closer to 1 means…
High development
Define Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The value of all goods and services produced by a country in a year
Define Gross National Product (GNP)
The GDP of a country plus any money that has been earned by investment abroad
Define Employment Structure
The proportion of people employed in three key economic sectors - primary, secondary and tertiary
Define Primary Sector
Economic activities that produce food, fuel and raw materials e.g. agriculture
Define Secondary Sector
Economic activities involving manufacturing industries e.g. processing raw materials
Define Tertiary Sector
Economic activities providing services e.g. education
Define Global Shift
The locational movement of manufacturing industry and more recently the some parts of the tertiary sector (e.g. call centres) from ACs to EDCs and LIDCs from the 1970s onwards
Define New International Division of Labour
The reorganisation of production at the global scale, as a result of deindustrialisation in ACs and the global spread of TNCs
What are four positive impacts of global shift on ACs?
Cheaper labour costs, Cheap land and falling wages, Improved environmental quality, Creation of more relevant/efficient/productive industries
What is a negative impact of global shift on ACs?
As manufacturing has moved overseas, the old manufacturing regions in the UK and other Westernised countries have suffered from deindustrialisation
What are three positive impacts of global shift on EDCs and LIDCs?
Growth of labour intensive manufacturing, Higher export generated income, Reduction in negative trade balance
What are three negative impacts of global shift on EDCs and LIDCs?
Over-dependence on a narrow economic base, Growth of inequality between rural and urban regions, Environmental issues
Define Rationalisation
Make a company, process or industry more efficient, especially by dispensing with superfluous personnel or equipment
What are five Government Policies aimed at tackling social inequality in the UK?
Taxation, Subsidies, Planning, Law, Education
Define Comparative Advantage
The principal that countries or regions benefit from specialising in an economic activity in which they are relatively more efficient or skilled
Define Deprivation
When an individual’s wellbeing falls below a level that is generally regarded as a reasonable minimum for Britain today
Define Deindustrialisation
The decline in the importance of manufacturing in the economy of a country or region
Define Economic Restructuring
The change in proportions of people working in various economic sectors
Define Globalisation
The increasing connectedness between different parts of the world culturally, economically and politically
Define Negative Multiplier Effect
Generated by decline in economic activity which results in a chain reaction of events further decreasing economic activity
Define Positive Multiplier Effect
new or expanding economic activity in an area stimulates further economic growth
Define Spatial Inequality
The variation in inequality from place to place e.g. between areas or countries
Define Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
A large company with factories and offices in more than one country, which markets products and services worldwide
