Glaciated Landscapes SG2a

Question 1

Define Geomorphic Processes

Answer 1

Natural mechanisms of weathering, mass movement, erosion, transportation and deposition which all influence the glaciated landscape system

Question 2

Define Weathering

Answer 2

The in situ breakdown of rocks exposed at, or near, the land surface by physical, chemical or biological processes

Question 3

Define Erosion

Answer 3

The wearing away or removal of rock and other material by a moving force

Question 4

What are the five types of chemical weathering?

Answer 4

Oxidation, Solution, Hydration, Carbonation, Hydrolysis

Question 5

What are the three types of physical weathering?

Answer 5

Freeze-thaw, Frost shattering, Pressure release

Question 6

What are the two types of biological weathering?

Answer 6

Tree roots, Organic acids

Question 7

Define Mass Movement

Answer 7

The downslope transportation of material under gravity

Question 8

What are the three main types of mass movement?

Answer 8

Slump, Slide, Rock falls

Question 9

Define Slides

Answer 9

Occur when an entire mass of material moves downwards along a straight line slip plane

Question 10

Define Slumps

Answer 10

Occur where material slips down a curved slip plane with a rotational movement, leaving a series of back tilted steps or terraces

Question 11

Define Rock Falls

Answer 11

Occur on a steep slope (over 70 degrees) where bare rock becomes detached from the slope by physical weathering and falls to the foot of the slope under gravity to form scree

Question 12

What are the two types of erosion associated with glaciers?

Answer 12

Abrasion, Plucking

Question 13

Define Nivation

Answer 13

A glacial process thought to include a combination of freeze-thaw, solifluction, transportation by water and possibly chemical weathering responsible for the initial enlargement of a hillside hollow

Question 14

What are the three types of glacial debris during transportation?

Answer 14

Subglacial, Englacial, Supraglacial

Question 15

Define Subglacial Debris

Answer 15

Transported at the base of the glacier, Mainly comes from plucking and abrasion

Question 16

Define Englacial Debris

Answer 16

Carried within the glacier, Comes from surface debris which has fallen down a crevasse, sunken into the glacier or be buried by snowfall

Question 17

Define Supraglacial Debris

Answer 17

Carried on the surface of the glacier, Comes from weathering and mass movement

Question 18

Define Glacial Till

Answer 18

Material deposited directly by the ice

Question 19

Define Glacio-Fluvial Material

Answer 19

Deposited by meltwater

Question 20

What are the two types of drift?

Answer 20

Glacial till and Glacio-fluvial material

Question 21

Define Lodgement Till

Answer 21

Material deposited at the base of advancing glaciers due to basal melting, The material is smeared onto the underlying rock due to the pressure of the ice as it continues to move

Question 22

Define Ablation Till

Answer 22

Material deposited as the ice melts away from retreating/stagnant glaciers

Question 23

What are the four distinctive characteristics of glacial till?

Answer 23

Angular, Unsorted, Unstratified, No orientation

Question 24

Define Corrie

Answer 24

An arm-chair shaped hollow found on upland hills or mountain sides with a steep back wall, over deepened basin and a rock lip

Question 25

Define Arete

Answer 25

A narrow, steep sided ridge formed due to the erosion of two neighbouring corries on the same mountain

Question 26

Define Pyramidal Peak

Answer 26

An angular, sharply pointed mountain top formed due to the erosion of three or more corries on the same mountain

Question 27

Define Glacial Trough

Answer 27

A U shaped valley with steep, straight sides and a flat or rounded bottom, carved by a glacier

Question 28

Define Rock Basin

Answer 28

An over deepened section of the floor of the glacial trough, which may be filled in with water post glacially

Question 29

Define Rock Bar

Answer 29

A rid or outcrop of rock (more resistant) either side of the rock basins

Question 30

Define Ribbon Lake

Answer 30

A long, narrow, finger shaped lake usually found in a glacial trough

Question 31

Define Hanging Valley

Answer 31

A smaller tributary to the side of the main glacial trough left ‘hanging’ above the main u-shaped valley

Question 32

Define Trough End

Answer 32

A steep wall at the head of the glacial trough

Question 33

Define Truncated Spurs

Answer 33

A steep wall on the side of a glaciated valley between two tributary valleys where the glacier has eroded through a former interlocking spur

Question 34

Define Misfit Stream

Answer 34

A river that is too small to have eroded the valley in which it flows

Question 35

Define Roche Moutonnees

Answer 35

A mass of more resistant rock on the floor of a glacial trough which is smooth and rounded (sometimes with striations) on the stoss and steep and jagged on the lee

Question 36

Define Striations

Answer 36

Scratches in the rock formed when a glacier has large debris in it