Disease Dilemmas SG2 Flashcards
Explain Abdel Omran’s Epidemiological Transition Model
As life expectancy increases, the major cause of death and disability in general shifts from communicable, maternal and perinatal causes to chronic, non-communicable ones
What are the four stages of Omran’s Epidemiological Transition Model?
Pestilence and famine, Receding pandemics, Degenerative and man-made diseases, Delayed degenerative disease
What are four characteristics of stage 1 of the epidemiological transition model?
Parasitic diseases are main cause of death, Mortality is high and fluctuates from year to year, Famine due to food shortages, Life expectancy around 30 years
What are four characteristics of stage 2 of the epidemiological transition model?
Reduction of infectious diseases, Epidemics causing large scale mortality to become rare, Includes many LIDCs and EDCs today, Life expectancy above 50 years
What are four characteristics of stage 3 of the epidemiological transition model?
Deaths from infectious diseases decreased, Deaths from chronic diseases increased, Man-made diseases due to lifestyle choices/pollution, Many emerging economies are in this phase
What are four characteristics of stage 4 of the epidemiological transition model?
Life expectancy increases, People able to live longer with CVD etc., Medical advances delay onset of degenerative CVD etc, Life expectancy increased to early 70s-mid 80s
Define Pestilence
A fatal epidemic disease
Define Prevalence
The proportion of a particular population found to be affected by a medical condition
What are four reasons LIDCs have a higher prevalence of communicable diseases?
Inadequate health care, Inadequate food intake, Poor environmental conditions, Climate
What are three reasons ACs have a higher prevalence of non-communicable diseases?
Eradication of communicable diseases, Over nutrition, Raise in living standards
What has WHO classified air pollution as?
The leading cause of cancer in humans
What are five main sources of air pollution?
Transport, Industry, Fossil fuel power stations, Farming, Fuels for cooking and heating
Define Particulate Matter
PM10 and PM2.5 are solid particles in the air that are smaller than 10 and 2.5 millionths of a metre across
How many of the 20 most polluted cities in the world are in China?
16
What % of China’s urban population breathe clean air?
<1%
In Linfen, what is 1 day of breathing the air equivalent to?
Smoking 3 packs of cigarettes
Breathing the polluted air for 1 hour can take how many minutes off someone’s life?
20
What % of Chinese cities can’t meet air quality standards?
70%
What % of Beijing’s air pollution comes from vehicle emissions?
22%
How much coal does China consume?
3.8 billion tonnes (1/2 of all coal consumed in the world)
China gets what % of electricity from coal?
80%
What % of China’s total energy is from coal?
70%
How many tonnes of coal does China burn in one day?
6 million tonnes
How many vehicles will there be in China by 2030?
400 million
What is the most common type of cancer in China?
Lung
How many deaths are caused by air pollution in China per day?
7,500
What % has Beijing’s lung cancer rate risen by in the past decade?
60%
What was China’s toll from pollution?
The loss of 25 million healthy years of life from the population
What has been the % increase in lung cancer in 3 decades in China?
465%
What does China use to put restrictions on polluting activities to temporarily reduce emissions and pollution levels?
A colour coded smog and air pollution alert
What are China’s Five Year Plans?
A series of social and economic development initiatives
What % must Beijing reduce PM2.5 levels by, by 2017?
25%
What does Beijing have to limit its PM2.5 yearly average to by 2017 (still 6x WHO guidelines)?
60mg per cubic metre
How are China’s government policies addressing air pollution?
By requiring thermal power plant systems to install desulphurisation systems
As part of the 2013-17 5 year plan, what % did coal consumption have to be cut to in China’s total energy mix?
<65%
Why did China implement coal caps?
To limit coal consumption in 3 key locations - Hebei, Shandong, Beijing
Meeting targets requires an absolute reduction in coal consumption of how many tonnes by 2017?
73 million tonnes
Where has there been a ban on new coal-fired power plants in China?
In the most important coal importing regions - The Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta
How much coal imports is The Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta responsible for?
50%
Where are all high polluting “yellow label” vehicles that were registered before the end of 2005 being from the roads by the end of 2015?
The three regions with heavy industry
Explain The Odd-Even Car Ban
When a red air pollution alert is issued in Beijing, cars with odd and even license plates are banned on alternate days
How many miles is China planning to add to its subway system over the next two years?
800 miles
What are air purifiers purchased for?
Homes and workplaces to filter pollutants from the air
Explain Clean Air Domes
Dulwich College in Beijing used an inflatable airtight dome to cover four badminton courts, allowing students to play without suffering the city’s pollution
When do the Chinese government recommend wearing a face mask?
When the PM2.5 concentration is over 150 ug/m3
What are three criticisms of the proposals to reduce air pollution?
No specific limits on coal consumption for each region - can set limits themselves, No targets set for vehicle emission standards, PM2.5 only tackled in three regions the rest only have to reduce PM10 by 10%
What are the three regions having to reduce PM2.5 levels by 25%, 20% and 15% respectively?
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta
What are three global solutions to air pollution and cancer in China?
The Union for International Cancer Control (UICC), The Paris Agreement, WHO’s Agenda on Air Pollution and Health
How many organisations are members of The Union for International Cancer Control (UICC)?
> 1,000 organisations in >160 countries
What are three examples of events run by UICC?
The World Cancer Congress (WCC), World Cancer Leader’s Summit, World Cancer Day
Define World Cancer Congress (WCC)
A recognised international conference that encourages effective knowledge transfer and best practices exchange between >3,000 global cancer control and health experts
Define World Cancer Leader’s Summit
A major annual high-level policy meeting dedicated exclusively to furthering global cancer control
Define World Cancer Day
Aims to save millions of preventable deaths each year by raising awareness and education about cancer, and pressing governments and individuals across the world to take action against the disease
How does the UICC help reduce cancer rates in China?
Key focus is on cancer prevention, Spreading knowledge of how to prevent or treat cancer so that more people can protect themselves from it
How many countries signed the Paris Agreement in December 2015?
195
In agreeing to be party to the Paris Agreement, what four things did China pledge to?
Keeping the increase in global average temperature to well below 2oC above pre-industrial levels, To limit the increase to 1.5oC, Recognise the need for global emissions to peak as soon as possible, To undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with the best available science
In order to fulfil its obligations under the Paris Agreement, what does China need to cut its carbon emission by?
60-65% per unit of GDP by 2030, compared with 2005 levels
How does the Paris Agreement help reduce cancer rates in China?
China has to reduce the amount of pollution which will improve air quality and so health improves, Indirect positive impact on health
What is WHO’s work in air pollution guided by?
A 2015 World Health Assembly (WHA) resolution calling for enhanced global response to the adverse health of indoor and outdoor air pollution
What are the four priority areas for action approved by member states of WHO in 2016?
Expanding the knowledge base about impacts of air pollution on health, Monitoring and reporting on health trends and progress towards the air pollution-related targets, Raise awareness of health benefits from air pollution measures, Helping address the adverse health effects of air pollution through training, guidelines and national action plans
How does WHO’s Agenda on Air Pollution and Health help reduce cancer rates in China?
Increasing awareness about air pollution and its effect on health, Training of health sector to reduce adverse health effects of air pollution
