Powers and Borders SG2 Flashcards
What are four factors influencing the loss of sovereignty and loss of territorial integrity?
Transnational corporations, Supranational institutions, Current political boundaries, Political dominance of ethnic groups
Define Transnational Corporations (TNC)
A large business organisation which operates and has ownership of assets in more than one country
Of the largest 100 economies in the world, how many are TNCs?
51
What % of Nigeria’s exports is from oil?
90%
What % of Nigeria’s government revenue is from oil?
80%
What fraction of Nigeria’s total output comes from Shell?
1/2
What does the Nigerian government receive for every barrel of oil sold by Shell?
Taxes and royalties
How many oil spills has there been in the Niger Delta since the 1960s?
> 4,000
Who was Ken Saro-Wiwa?
The president of MOSOP
What is MOSOP?
Movement for the Survival of Ogoni People - a protest movement formed by the Ogoni people to fight the oil industry
What happened to Ken Saro-Wiwa and 8 other activists?
Arrested on ‘trumped up charges’ and hung, their bodies were dissolved in acid
Define Supra-National Institution
A union or alliance of different countries having power or influence that transcends national boundaries or governments
Define United Nations (UN)
An intergovernmental organisation founded in 1945 and committed to maintaining international peace and security
Define NATO
An intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries
Define European Union (EU)
An economic and political union between European countries
Define Global Governance
Intervention by the global community. It can be carried out by the UN, NATO, NGOs, etc.
What happened in 1957?
The European Union began as a trading bloc called the European Economic Community (EEC)
When did the UK become a member of the European Community (EC)?
1973
When did the European Community (EC) become the EU as a result of the Maastricht Treaty?
1993
When did the UK vote to leave the EU?
23rd June 2016
Define Primacy (Supremacy) of EU Law
A norm which states that when domestic law of member states and EU law conflict, EU law prevails
Define Pooled Sovereignty
The sharing of decision making powers between states in systems of international cooperation, and specifically within the EU
Define Parliamentary Sovereignty
Makes parliament the supreme legal authority in the UK, which can create or end any law
Why could it be argued that the UK parliament has still retained sovereignty despite supremacy of EU law?
The UK parliament can still make their own laws an opt out of some EU laws and agreements e.g. the Euro
Under what act was Kashmir free to accede to India or Pakistan?
Indian Independence Act
What was established in Kashmir by the UN under the 1972 Simla Agreement?
Line of Control (an example of a Defacto Border)
Why is the Indus River system important to India?
It is one of two main river systems supporting the country’s northwest
Why is the Indus River system important to Pakistan?
It is the only river system supporting the country, where more than 92% of the land is arid or semi-arid
What happened in 1948 which led to global intervention?
The Standstill Agreement expired on March 31st 1948, so the Indian Punjab cut off water flow to Pakistan. The UN (through the World Bank) intervened with the Indus Water Treaty in 1960
Define Line of Control
A border which is physically there but not legally, it is not internationally recognised
Who controls the headwaters of the Indus?
India
Define Area Beyond National Jurisdiction
Areas of ocean which no nation has sole responsibility for management, also called the high seas
Define Global Commons
Natural resources that are now owned or controlled by any group or state e.g. oceans, atmosphere
Define Continental Shelf
Where the shallow sea ends and enters deep sea
Where is the Basque Region?
North Spain and south west France, at the western end of the Pyrenees
What are three reasons people from the Basques see themselves as different from the rest of Spain?
Feel they are genetically and culturally different, Have their own language (Euskara), First people to live in Europe
Why have the Basques felt oppressed?
April 26th 1937 - Germans killed 2,500 people in 2 hours by bombing them as the Spanish told Hitler to try out his war techniques on the Basques
What is ETA?
A separatist movement set up in 1959 who believed that as they have their own language they should have their own state
How many civilians were killed by ETA?
800
