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Geography > ELSS SG5 > Flashcards

ELSS SG5 Flashcards

1
Q

How have oceans helped to prevent the scale of atmosphere CO2 and the global warming?

A

Oceans sequester CO2 from the atmosphere store meaning more heat can escape from the atmosphere so there is less global warming

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2
Q

How and why have oceans become more acidic?

A

When CO2 is absorbed by oceans, carbonic acid is made so as more CO2 is absorbed the pH decreases

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3
Q

What impact does ocean acidification have on sea creatures and phytoplankton with shells?

A

The carbonic acid dissolves their shells as they are made of calcium carbonate

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4
Q

What impact does ocean acidification have on phytoplankton and the levels of carbon stored in oceans?

A

More acidic waters make it difficult for the phytoplankton to absorb nutrients, rendering them vulnerable to disease and toxins. Less photosynthesis

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5
Q

What are the two main sources of water?

A

Surface water and Groundwater

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6
Q

Which country uses more groundwater than surface water: Iceland or Australia?

A

Australia - rapid evaporation and little precipitation means there is little surface water

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7
Q

In the UK, what % of water is from surface water?

A

80%

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8
Q

In the UK, what % of water is from groundwater?

A

20%

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9
Q

Where is the Aral Sea?

A

The northern part is in Kazakhstan and the southern part is in Uzbekistan

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10
Q

What is the area of the Aral Sea Basin?

A

1.8 million km2

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11
Q

What are the two main rivers which feed into the Aral Sea?

A

The Syr Delta and Amu Delta

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12
Q

Why was water extracted from the Aral Sea from 1930s onwards?

A

The Aral Sea was part of the Soviet Union, who wanted to grow cotton and rice in the deserts of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. To do this they diverted water from the rivers which fed the Aral Sea to irrigate the cotton and rice fields

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13
Q

By 2007, how had the Aral Sea changed in size?

A

It had shrunk by 10% of its original size

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14
Q

What happened to the Aral Sea in 1987?

A

It split into the North Aral Sea and South Aral Sea

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15
Q

What happened to the South Aral Sea in 2003?

A

It split into western and eastern basins

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16
Q

What were two changes resulting from the extraction of the Aral Sea?

A

Loss of plants and animals due to the changing environment, Declining health due to pollutants in the water/lots of dust/declining food

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17
Q

Groundwater extraction near the River Kennet, South England led to a falling water table and resulted in what % decrease in the flow of the river?

A

10-14%

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18
Q

Define Aquifer

A

A water bearing band of porous or permeable rock, An underground reservoir

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19
Q

Define Aquitard

A

Non-porous rock which restricts the flow of water from an aquifer

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20
Q

Define Water Table

A

The top of the saturated zone

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21
Q

Define Confined Aquifer

A

Permeable rocks that hold large amounts of groundwater that is capped by impermeable rock

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22
Q

Define Unconfined Aquifer

A

Permeable rocks that hold large amounts of groundwater that are not capped by impermeable rock

23
Q

Define Artesian Well

A

Water in a confined aquifer is under pressure causing the water to rise up a borehole and flow out itself without need for pumping

24
Q

Define Spring

A

Where the water table reaches the surface

25
Q

Define Recharge Area

A

Where the aquifer is unconfined, and rainwater can percolate

26
Q

Define Artesian Basin

A

A confined aquifer which occupies a syncline. This results in groundwater which will rise to the surface under its own pressure without the need for pumping

27
Q

What is the level which water will rise to in an artesian basin determined by?

A

Height of the water table

28
Q

What did overexploitation in the 19th century cause in the London Basin?

A

90m fall in the water table

29
Q

What are the three types of land use change?

A

Urban areas, Farming, Forestry

30
Q

What is the total percentage of fossil fuel consumption?

A

67%

31
Q

Fossil fuels are…

A

Finite (will run out) and CO2 emitters

32
Q

How much CO2 is released from fossil fuel combustion each year?

A

10 billion tonnes per year

33
Q

What has been the mean increase in global temperatures since 1880s?

A

0.85 degrees C

34
Q

What % of the worlds global energy consumption is from oil?

A

33.3%

35
Q

What % of the worlds global energy consumption is from coal?

A

29%

36
Q

What % of the worlds global energy consumption is from natural gas?

A

23.9

37
Q

What % of the worlds global energy consumption is from HEP?

A

6.6%

38
Q

What % of the worlds global energy consumption is from nuclear?

A

5.2%

39
Q

What % of the worlds global energy consumption is from renewables?

A

1.9%

40
Q

What has the carbon dioxide concentration in the air increased by between 2012 and 2017?

A

17ppm

41
Q

What was the carbon dioxide concentration in the air in 2012?

A

393ppm

42
Q

What was the carbon dioxide concentration in the air in 2017?

A

410ppm

43
Q

What are five anthropogenic sources of carbon emissions?

A

Coal, Oil, Gas, Cement, Land-use

44
Q

What are the three main sinks for carbon emissions to go?

A

Atmosphere, Ocean, Land

45
Q

Define Carbon Sequestration

A

Technologies are used to capture CO2 and store it underground, after turning it into a liquid

46
Q

What happens at Snøhvit Gas Power Station in Hammerfest, Norway?

A

Carbon Capture and Storage

47
Q

How deep is the CO2 buried at Hammerfest?

A

2,600m below ground, into sandstone with an impermeable shale caprock

48
Q

How much CO2 is buried at Hammerfest each year?

A

700,000 tonnes/year

49
Q

What are three benefits of CCS?

A

Helps achieve government and global targets to decrease CO2, Help fossil fuel power stations decrease CO2 emissions by 80-90%, Petroleum companies pay less tax than if offshore - benefits financially

50
Q

What are three weaknesses of CSS?

A

Risk of leakage, Expensive (money would be better spent on building renewable energy sources), Uses a lot of energy to separate and compress the CO2

51
Q

What seven things can be monitored to see changes in global cycles?

A

Mass of Arctic sea ice, Atmospheric carbon dioxide, Sea surface temperatures (SSTs), Mass of ice caps and glaciers, Primary productivity in oceans, Water vapour, Deforestation

52
Q

Define Remote Sensing

A

Obtaining information from a distance, typically from aircraft satellites. This is often carried out by organisations such as NASA and NOAA

53
Q

Define Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

A

An integrated computer tool for gathering, storing, processing and analysing geographical data e.g. using ArcGIS to present data. The digital data can be plotted on maps to help the person visualise patterns

Geography (40 decks)

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