Disease Dilemmas SG3 Flashcards
Define Prevalence
The total number of cases alive with the disease
Define Period Prevalence
The total number of cases alive with the disease during a period of time
Define Point Prevalence
The total number of cases alive with the disease at a particular point in time
Define Incidence
The rate of new cases of the disease
Define Ebola
A severe, often fatal illness in humans which is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads through the human population through human-to-human transmission
What is Ebola classified as?
Infectious, Communicable, Contagious, Zoonotic
What is the cause of Ebola?
Infected bat meat
What are four symptoms of Ebola?
Vomiting, Weaknesses, Fever, Diarrhoea
How does Ebola spread?
Spread of bodily fluids
What are six precautions to prevent the spread of Ebola?
Burn belongings to destroy bacteria, Wash hands with soap and water, Don’t touch an infected dead body, Protective clothing, Spray chlorine to kill bacteria, Go into quarantine if been in contact
What are three treatments for Ebola patients?
Fluids and food, Medicine, Treatment centres
What were four challenges to treating Ebola?
Lack of trust in health workers, Scared of biohazard suits, Cultural burials involved kissing and touching the body
When did the West African Ebola outbreak begin?
December 2013
Where was the source of the Ebola outbreak?
Meliandou, SE Guinea - a border region
Who was patient zero for the Ebola outbreak?
A two year old boy in Meliandou
What were the three main countries affected by the Ebola outbreak?
Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone
What type of outbreak was the Ebola outbreak?
Epidemic
How many people were affected by the Ebola outbreak?
28,616 suspected cases
How many people died due to Ebola?
11,310
When was the Ebola outbreak declared over?
29th March 2016
What three disease diffusion patterns did Ebola follow?
Expansion, Contagious, Relocation
Define Morbidity
Refers to the unhealthy state of an individual
Define Mortality
Refers to the state of being dead or alive
Define Morbidity Rate
The incidence of a disease across a population or geographical location during a single year
Define Mortality Rate
The rate of death of a population
Where were the highest number of Ebola cases concentrated?
Guinea (1,350), Sierra Leone (2,950) and Liberia (4,076)
What was the mortality rate of Ebola in the US and Spain?
100% - though they only had one death
What was the mortality rate of Ebola in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia?
Guinea = 58%
Sierra Leone = 32%
Liberia = 57%
What are two environmental causes of the Ebola outbreak?
Climate influences number of fruit bats, The two fruit bats with the disease are found in Guinea
What are four human causes of the Ebola outbreak?
Deforestation, Mining, Poverty and civil war, Anthropogenic climate change
What % of Sierra Leone’s population work in the agricultural sector?
80%
What % of farmers abandoned their land in Sierra Leone due to fear of being infected by Ebola?
40%
By what % did rice prices rise in Sierra Leone?
30%
What % of their GDP was lost in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea due to Ebola?
Liberia = 11% ($228m)
Sierra Leone = 4% ($439m)
Guinea = 1.5% (142m)
How long did schools close for in Liberia due to Ebola?
8 months
How many children were left without schooling as a result of school closures to prevent the spread of Ebola?
5 million
How many children are registered to have lost one or both parents or primary care givers in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone due to Ebola?
16,000
Why did some extended families refuse to take in children?
Fear of catching Ebola
How high were death rates in some communities?
45-90%
Define Direct Response
Involves measures to directly stop people from getting the disease and prevent it from spreading from person to person
Define Indirect Response
Any actions that removes or reduces the risk factors for that disease
What were four direct strategies to tackle Ebola?
Treatment centres set up, Protective equipment, Dead body management, Banning bat consumption
What were five indirect strategies to tackle Ebola?
Community awareness, Schools closed and on reopening were careful, Curfews, Contact tracing, Temperature taking
How was William Pooley (a victim of Ebola in an AC) treated?
Kept in special isolation unit at Royal Free London Hospital, Given ZMapp treatment (experimental drug)
Define Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
Includes all diseases of the heart and circulation, including coronary heart disease, angina, heart attack, congenital heart disease and stroke
Define Coronary Heart Disease
One type of cardiovascular disease that describes a plaque on the hearts arteries which could lead to a heart attack
Define Atherosclerosis
When your arteries become narrowed by a gradual build up of fatty materials (atheroma) within their walls
Define Angina
In time your arteries may become so narrow that they can’t deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to your heart which can cause pain or discomfort in the chest
Define Heart Attack
If a piece of atheroma breaks away it can cause a blood clot to form. If the blood clot blocks your coronary artery and cuts off the supply of oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, it can cause permanent damage to the heart
Define Stroke
When a blood clot blocks an artery that carries blood to your brain, it can cut off the blood supply to part of your brain
What % of the UK’s population is dying from CVD?
0.24%
What % of the UK’s population is living with CVD?
10.66%
Where is the mortality rate of CVD highest in the UK?
North England, Scotland, Wales, Urban areas
Where is the mortality rate of CVD lowest in the UK?
South England, London, Yorkshire
What are five lifestyle risk factors of CVD?
Air quality, Smoking, Alcohol, Physical Inactivity, Obesity
What are two medical risk factors of CVD?
Diabetes, High blood pressure
How many premature deaths per year are due to poor air quality?
40,000
How many UK deaths each year from CHD can be attributed to smoking?
20,000
What % does smoking increase the risk of CHD by?
24%
What fraction of UK adults exceed the national guidelines for alcohol consumption?
1/4
What % of UK adults don’t meet the daily recommended levels of physical activity?
39%
What % of UK adults are obese?
27%
What % of UK children are overweight or obese?
30%
What fraction of people with diabetes die from CHD?
1/4
What x more likely are people with high blood pressure to develop a heart attack or stroke?
3x
What are five other risk factors for CHD?
Age, Cholesterol, Ethnicity, Gender, Family history
Why is there a high mortality rate from CVD in EDCs?
Changing lifestyles as they become wealthier
What is the trend between depravation and premature deaths from CVD in England?
Areas which are most deprived have the highest number of deaths e.g.
Kensington, Chelsea = 39/100,000 deaths due to CVD
Tameside, Greater Manchester = 132/100,000 deaths due to CVD
By what % are people more likely to be obese in deprived areas in the UK?
22%
What % higher is Type 2 diabetes in areas of higher deprivation?
40%
What % of relationships become strained due to CVD?
22%
What are three impacts on the health of people with CVD?
Shortness or breath and fatigue, Swelling in feet/ankles/legs/abdomen, Pain in chest/shoulders/arms/neck
Heart disease results in how many £ of lost earnings to the economy?
£3 billion
What is CVDs cost to the UK economy each year?
£19 billion
How much are healthcare costs relating to CVD each year?
£9 billion
What % of total cost to the UK economy is productivity losses in the workplace?
34%
What are three direct strategies to mitigate against CVD?
Smoking ban in England, Statins, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)
How many PCIs are carried out each year in the UK?
92,000
What are four indirect strategies to mitigate against CVD?
Free NHS health check, Nutrition information on packaging, British Heart Foundation, BHF cardiac nurses and information support offices
Since the BHF was established, the annual number of deaths from CVD in the UK has reduced by how much?
1/2
Since 1961, the UK death rate from CVD has declined by more than what?
1/4
What is one reason the mitigation strategies of CVD might not be considered a success?
CVD is still one of the biggest killers in the UK, especially heart disease and stroke
