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Geography > Hazardous Earth SG1 > Flashcards

Hazardous Earth SG1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main types of plate boundary?

A

Divergent, Convergent, Conservative

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2
Q

What are the three types of convergent plate boundaries?

A

Ocean/Continental (OC), Ocean/Ocean (OO), Continental/Continental (CC)

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3
Q

Which plate boundaries have volcanoes?

A

Divergent and Ocean/Continental Convergent

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4
Q

Define Magma

A

Molten rock beneath the surface

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5
Q

Define Lava

A

Molten rock above the surface (700-1200 degrees temp)

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6
Q

Are magmas/lavas with high silica contents viscous or non-viscous?

A

Viscous - they don’t flow easily

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7
Q

Are magmas/lavas with low silica contents associated with infrequent explosive or frequent effusive eruptions?

A

Frequent effusive eruptions

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8
Q

What is the silica content of andesite?

A

62%

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9
Q

What is the silica content of rhyolite?

A

71%

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10
Q

What is the silica content of basalt?

A

48%

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11
Q

What are the two types of volcanic eruption?

A

Explosive and effusive

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12
Q

What temperature is basaltic magma when it erupts?

A

1,200 degrees Celsius

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13
Q

What boundary do explosive eruptions happen on?

A

Convergent (where subduction is taking place)

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14
Q

What boundary do effusive eruptions happen on?

A

Divergent

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15
Q

What % of earth’s individual volcanoes do composite cones make up?

A

60%

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16
Q

What can make composite volcanoes more complex in shape?

A

Secondary or parasitic cones

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17
Q

Why is a composite volcano called that?

A

It is made of alternating layers of lava flows and volcanic ash

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18
Q

Define Dyke

A

Igneous rock layer cutting across beds of rock

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19
Q

Define Sill

A

Igneous rock layer following/running between beds of rock

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20
Q

Define Caldera

A

Large circular depressions (1-20km across) caused by the collapse of the top of a volcano following an explosion

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21
Q

What are the three stages in the formation of a caldera?

A

1) Build up of pressure as magma rises to the surface
2) Magma level in chamber lowers after an eruption and fractures form in unsupported rocks
3) Top of the volcano collapses inwards due to the weight of the rock

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22
Q

What happens to a caldera over time?

A

It fills with water and a new volcano begins to form from the previous magma chamber

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23
Q

Which caldera is 3700m high in Lombok, Indonesia?

A

Rinjani Volcano Caldera

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24
Q

How is a shield volcano characterised?

A

Gentle slopes of less than 10 degrees leading away from a central vent

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25
Q

Where do most effusive eruptions occur and what are the exceptions?

A

Most occur unseen on the ocean floor apart from in Hawaii and Iceland

26
Q

How many recorded eruptions has Kilauea (the world’s most active volcano) had in its current cycle?

A

More than 60 - it has been erupting on a continuous basis since 1983

27
Q

Despite the volcanic activity, what benefits come from living on Hawaii?

A

Fertile land is good for agriculture, Tourism

28
Q

What is a lava plateaux/fissure eruption?

A

Lava spills out from a fissure to form sheets of lava over the pre-existing landscape

29
Q

What were the impacts of the 8 month fissure eruption in Laki, 1783?

A

Killed 1/3 of Iceland’s population, Caused two years of extremely cold winters and summers globally

30
Q

How high were the fire fountains in Laki?

31
Q

What is the Ring of Fire?

A

A major area in the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes and volcanoes occur

32
Q

How big is the Ring of Fire?

A

40,000km (25,000 miles) horseshoe shape

33
Q

How many earthquakes and volcanoes have occurred in the Ring of Fire?

A

90% of the worlds earthquakes, All but 3 of the world’s 25 largest volcanic eruptions of the last 11,700 years

34
Q

Who first proposed the hot spot theory in 1963 to explain intraplate volcanic activity?

A

Tuzo Wilson

35
Q

What did Tuzo Wilson suggest?

A

The Hawaiian chain is the product of a single ‘hot spot’ fixed in the mantle. As the pacific moved over the hot spot a chain of volcanic islands form

36
Q

Which island in the Hawaiian Islands chain is currently over the hot spot?

A

Hawaii - there is only volcanic activity on Hawaii

37
Q

Which seamount will form an island in 10,000 years time?

A

Loihi - it is the youngest sea mount in the Hawaiian Islands chain

38
Q

Why are the oldest volcanoes now below sea level?

A

Erosion and they are sinking as the crust gets colder

39
Q

What do guyots represent?

A

The oldest volcanoes to have formed as a result of the hotspot in the Pacific ocean

40
Q

Define Guyot

A

An undersea mountain with a flat top

41
Q

How long is the Great Rift Valley?

42
Q

Which is the highest active volcano in the Great Rift Valley?

A

Mount Kilimanjaro

43
Q

How was the Great Rift Valley formed?

A

Crustal stretching causes tension within the local rocks., resulting in rifting with magma forcing its way to the surface and creating a line of active volcanoes

44
Q

Where else can hot spots occur?

A

On plate boundaries - Iceland is over a 100 mile wide, 370 mile deep hot spot and a divergent plate boundary

45
Q

Define Supervolcano

A

A volcano that erupts more than 1,000 cubic km (km3) in a single eruption event. They exist as giant calderas

46
Q

What is an example of a supervolcano?

A

Yellowstone

47
Q

What can a volcano be classified based on?

A

Plume type (ash cloud) and height

48
Q

What are the six types of classification for volcanoes?

A

Icelandic, Hawaiian, Strombolian, Vulcanian, Pelean, Plinian

49
Q

What does the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) measure?

A

Magnitude (amount of material erupted) and Intensity (the speed at which the material is erupted)

50
Q

What is the scale for the VEI?

A

0 (least explosive) to 8 (most explosive) - each increase in number represents nearly a tenfold increase in explosivity

51
Q

What is a limitation of the VEI?

A

There can be conflicting results - the height and amount of material produced might not fit into the same category

52
Q

Define Active Volcano

A

A volcano that has erupted in the last glacial period or within the past 10,000 years - 1,500 volcanoes fit in this category

53
Q

Define Dormant Volcano

A

A volcano that has not erupted in the last 10,000 years but is expected to erupt in the future

54
Q

Define Extinct Volcano

A

A volcano that is not expected to erupt again

55
Q

What are the 4 local primary hazards created by a volcano?

A

Lava flows, Pyroclastic flows, Tephra, Volcanic gases

56
Q

What are the 4 local secondary hazards created by a volcano?

A

Landslides, Tsunami, Lahars, Flooding

57
Q

What is a global secondary hazard created by a volcano?

A

Climate change

58
Q

Strategies to mitigate against the event:

A

Not yet possible for the majority of volcanic eruptions

59
Q

Strategies to mitigate against vulnerability:

A

Education, Prediction and warning, Constant monitoring, Hazard resistant buildings, Hazard mapping, Land use zoning, Community preparedness

60
Q

Strategies to mitigate against losses:

A

Disaster response teams, Emergency aid, Closure of airports, Insurance and government compensation schemes

61
Q

What are three methods to predict volcanic eruptions?

A

Ground deformation, Seismicity, Gas emissions

Geography (40 decks)

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